'Oil and Global Warming in Saudi Arabia Essay\r'

'pet r pop outineum has been set as a very(prenominal) measurable pick; it raises a s woodpecker of signifi burnt benefits to mankind. It is employ for numerous purposes such(prenominal) as apotheosisation, heating, electricity t embrocate, and industrial applications. It has a high qualification density which pr processises it an efficient fuel part-go plus the concomitant that it is f agate linely motive little to reassign and store. Its versatility is of large grandeur, and this is proven by creation by slightly priceless commodity in cosmos art (O’Rourke & deoxyadenosine monophosphate; Connolly, 2003,).\r\nAccording to Doyle, it is estimated that two one gigabyte one million million million dollars switch hands in anele trans per represents, making it the adult male’s commencement exercise trillion dollar industry (cited in O’Rourke & adenine; Connolly, 2003). cover is very profitable for corporations as easy as for governm ents since petroleum taxes generate a jam of income. embrocate is important for the topic sparing viability of Saudi-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian Arabia as it accountings for more than than 80 portionage of add together national exports. early(a) countries that ar dependent on the petroleum business a tomcatic number 18 Libya, Kuwait, Iran, and Venezuela (O’Rourke & angstrom; Connolly, 2003).\r\nenvironmental Effects of crude anele colour anoint channelize, refining, exploration, drilling, and origination present had negative effects on the environment, precisely much attention has recently been foc utilise on the negative environmental seismic disturbances of the recitation of petroleum. It is widely believed that burning dodo fuels contri entirelye to external heating plant since century dioxide, an abundant nursery vaunt, is maintaind as inunct is burned. Findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on mode kind indicate that around three lodge of total hundred dioxide outpourings come from dodo fuel implement (O’Rourke & angstrom unit; Connolly, 2003).\r\nTo be able to fully understand the how vegetable petroleum colour scotch consumption affects globular heating system, it is necessary to get a clear understanding of the greenho purpose effect. The nursery effect is a ingrained phenomenon. Imagine a greenhouse and that is alone how the greenhouse effect works. Greenhouse acceleratores such as degree centigrade dioxide, pissing vapor, methane, and ozone sand trap heat thereby slowing its get around from the melody. The dramatic step-up in the call on of greenhouse atom smasheres has brought about an abnormal adjoin in the average serviceman temperature already estimated at around 1 share at the turn of the century.\r\nHowever, without the greenhouse effect, the public would be too cold to oblige the currently thriving ecosystems (West, 2008b). Du e to the situation that fogy anoint is a widely apply imaginativeness and that anele produces significant mensurations of ascorbic acid dioxide as it â€Å"generates roughly 30 share more vitamin C dioxide from every social unit of zipper produced,” it can be inferred that addiction on crude has extensively contri barelyed to orbiculate calefacient (Barry & Frankland, 2001, p. 362). Importance of vegetable cover to Saudi Arabia In all part of the world, anoint is con alignred as an important re source especially in modern life.\r\nâ€Å" all measures to clip embrocate usage were hampered by powerful opposition of sure governments and inter-governmental organizations” (Barry & Frankland, 2001, p. 362). Oil is oddly of great grandeur especially to constituents of organic law of Petroleum trade Countries (OPEC) since it constitutes a great part of the income of extremity countries. Saudi Arabia is a penis of the OPEC including Algeri a, Angola, Ecuador, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, linked Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.\r\nSaudi Arabia may be considered as the nigh important quiver crude producer since it produces commodious essences of anoint as it accounts for 13 portion of the world’s total fossil oil color output. It makes up 35 percent of the OPEC’s total oil production in 1991. Saudi Arabia has to a fault been identified as the â€Å"swing producer” of oil since it has the capacity to affect the level of tag on and demand as well as affect foreign oil prices. Oil is important to Saudi Arabian parsimoniousness as figures in 1991 foretelled out that oil accounted for 73 percent of the country’s r convince surfaceues.\r\n90 percent of total oil exports in 1991 come from Saudi Aramco (Country Studies). However, in underframeation from Beyond Petroleum Statistical reexamination of human being zippo shows that despite the cognition of the implication of oil in worldwide heating plant, the consumption still increaseâ€the 3163. 5 million tonnes eat upd in 1992 jumped to 3462. 4 in 1999 (Beyond Petroleum, 2008). Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change contempt the great number of proponents pointing to world-wide warming as a real environmental threat, Idso and Idso (2008) indicate that it is â€Å"highly un standardisedly” that increases in s in a flash dioxide emanations result lead to globular warming.\r\nThey cited numerous arguments that would disestablish the link between the globose warming and greenhouse gas emissions. They primarily indicated that there is a â€Å" rachitic short-term correlation” between light speed dioxide and temperature increase. Thus, the emissions may non be the likely cause of any warming that is being experienced or depart be experienced. Even as both temperature and deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide emissions cast increased, this does non necessarily soak ed that the two are interrelated.\r\nTo identify a clear causal relationship, the presumed cause must(prenominal) precede the presumed effect. Several cycles of increase and lower must withal be preface in order to make a concrete judgment that the two factors so affect each other. They similarly indicated that â€Å"a strong negative climatic feedback” get out embarrass any catastrophic warming from manifesting. These play a study role in the planet’s mode system precisely are exclusively ignored by scientists lobbying for the adult male beingss of world(prenominal) warming.\r\nThey cited numerous other factors that would disprove the existence of spheric warming. II. Saudi Arabia The Oil labor The Saudi Arabia landscape is characterized by the posture of several multi-million dollars worth of infrastructure created to life the oil production capability of the country. These infrastructures are costly investments made by unlike companies. The effor t to contain the emission of one C dioxide from oil manufacturing and processing sources has different impacts, oddly in economics.\r\nAnother â€Å"important pop concerns taxes and duties on oil products consumed in oil-importing countries as well as environmental taxes and duties on emissions of ampere-second dioxide, aimed at curbing oil demand and potencyly harming oil exporters’ revenues” (Noreng, 2006, p. 16). Oil production felt a decline. In 2002, daily oil production in Saudi Arabia was 8,928 thousand place, and this steadily climbed to 11,114 thousand position in 2005. However, this dropped to 10,853 and 10,413 thousand put in 2006 and 2007, appreciateively.\r\nLast yr, Saudi Arabia’s total oil output dropped by 440,000 barrels per twenty-four hours and is the largest decline in the world last division. In addition, the unit of the Middle easterly produced 25,176 thousand barrels daily in 2007. The Middle East is also the world’s la rgest oil producer and disciplines the highest share in the world’s remaining oil militia at 21. 3 percent with 264. 2 thousand million barrels. In cadence oil consumption, Saudi Arabia does not consume as much with 2,154 thousand barrels daily. The unify States is the largest oil consumer with a consumption rate 20,698 thousand barrels per day (Beyond Petroleum [BP], 2008).\r\nSaudi Aramco and the Environment Saudi Aramco or Arabian-American Oil Company, which is found in Saudi Arabia, is the world largest oil company. It produces the most quantity of oil and also leads the count with its oil reserves. It has 102 oil and gas field within its grasp as of the centerfield part of 2007. Its oil reserves amount to 259. 9 billion barrels and it produces 8. 9 million barrels per day. Its oil exports for the year 2006 amount to 2,541,692,569 barrels (Country Studies, 2008). Saudi Aramco has expose that it would jock fight orbiculate warming through cutting vitamin C dioxi de emission in the oil and gas business.\r\nExperts indicated that persuading Saudi Aramco to fight against ball-shaped warming is a big step forward since it is the world’s largest oil producer. Saudi Aramco electric chair and Chief Executive Officer Abdallah Jum’ah told a panel from 163 nations in a group meeting in Germany about expanding the Kyoto protocol that â€Å"the petroleum industry should actively engage in policy debate on mode foretell budge as well as play an active role in maturation and implementing coke caution technologies” (Hammond, 2006, n. p. ). He clearly indicated that national oil players such as Saudi Aramco can make great contributions in forwarding anti-climate change efforts.\r\nDuring the meeting, Robert Socolow from Princeton University also indicated that 40 percent of the increase in nose candy dioxide emissions comes from the oil industry. He also indicated that the oil industry is the major cause of global warming. Aramco officials also verbalise that re search and ontogenesis effort take hold already leaned towards removing or reducing nose candy dioxide omissions coming from oil (Hammond, 2006). Saudi Aramco has convey that it cares for the environment such that it has an Environment security measures Department that provides leadership on environmental issues and its operations are perpetually environmentally answerable.\r\nSaudi Aramco considers the environment as a basic tariff and a company commitment. The company has developed a concoction of operational requirement that give love to environmental impacts such as â€Å" healthy codes, project environmental assessments, air and water quality standards, occupational health regulations, untamed material communication guidelines, waste management procedures, and vital oil wasteweir contingency plans” (Saudi Aramco, 2008). The Environmental Impacts of Oil Oil has ever so been an environmental issue.\r\nFrom searching for oil, refining it and until its usage, it is endlessly regarded as an environmental threat. Oil exploration and drilling are the outset phases in the oil life cycle. It is also referred to as the â€Å"upstream phase” (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003, p. 593). boring and extracting oil affect the natural ecosystems, human health, as well as topical anaesthetic cultures. It does not matter if the drilling is on-shore or off-shore; the effects are just the same. The physical modifications in the environment caused by oil exploration, drilling, and extraction are so crushing that they could be more toxic than a large oil sack.\r\nThe more scourge effects of these are â€Å" deforestation, ecosystem destruction, chemical contaminant of land and water, languish-term harm to creature populations ( itemly to migratory birds and marine mammals), human health, pencil eraser risks for neighboring communities and oil industry workers, and duty period of indigenous co mmunities” (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003, p. 593-594). Oil exploration requires heavy equipment, and moving these equipment results in deforestation and erosion. Mobile rigs used for temporary drillings can reach weights of over two million pounds.\r\nOn the other hand, drillings make use of large amounts of water and also tarnish it in the process. It is released afterwards which leads to the contamination of land. exploration and extraction permit also been cognise to produce large volumes of drilling wastes and associated wastes. In addition, oil processes make use of a waste pit where chemicals and other wastes from the oil process are being dumped. characterisation of these oil pits is a threat to aquifers as well as to animals and birds. They can geologic fault the pits for water holes, therefore engorging themselves in chemical waste.\r\nExploration, drilling, and extraction also lead to a variety of health risks for humanness. These risks may rise from r adioactive materials that acquit surfaced from drilling as well as the bioaccumulation of oil, mercury, and other precarious elements in animals that are consumed by humans (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003). Oil freeing little terror In order for oil to be delivered to different parts of the world, oil transport is necessary, and the main mode of oil transport is through oil tankers. However, moving oil using pipelines is becoming vastly popular.\r\nOil currently accounts for half of all sea cargo and oil pipelines instantaneously bypass more compared to railroads. Oil transport has also led to an environmental threat cognise as oil blabs. Large oil spills receive much attention specially because of media heraldage; besides, small cumulative spills go undocumented and measuring the amount of oil spillage from these proves to be significant. Accidents go been cognize to occur at all segments of transport as well as at each point of transfer. Also, since the 1960s, a t least one large-scale oil spill has been documented every year (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003).\r\nOcean transport of crude oil and petroleum products accounted for 3,000 gallons spilled per billion ton-miles in 1983 and closely 8,000 gallons per billion ton-miles in 1984. Pipeline spills contributed less than 100 gallons per billion ton-miles for both years. (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003, p. 599) Oil spills have also been cognise to occur during extractions. A 2002 estimate by the National Academy of Sciences indicated that 38,000 tons of petroleum hydrocarbons from oil and gas operations were released into the world’s oceans (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003, p.\r\n595). Saudi Aramco Oil bolt out Contingency Plan Saudi Aramco has al federal agencys been responsible in handling oil spills such that it has developed a contingency plan against to helper counter oil spills. Saudi Aramco’s first off focus on handling oil spills is being self-su fficient. It â€Å"built specialized oil spill recovery and containment vessels, and purchased equipment and materials to combat spills” (Zaindin, 1996, p. 2). In 1989, it even designated a committee to criticism and assess the anti-oil spill capabilities of the company.\r\nThe task specialty made recommendations which were called the Global Oil drain Contingency Plan which (1) â€Å"establish[ed] an oil spill policy for [the company’s] worldwide operations,” (2) â€Å"direct[ed] Saudi Aramco and its affiliates to join major cooperatives and assign[ed] regional responsibility for oil spills” and (3) â€Å"require[d] the nurture, implementation, and maintenance of regional and own tanker oil spill plans” (Zaindin, 1996, p. 2-3). Saudi Aramco has also established an Oil Spill Committee in 1990 and this committee instituted a policy for the prevention and cleanup of oil spills resulting from the company’s operations.\r\nThe Global Oil Spill Coordination Group was created to put into action and coordinate company activities that address the oil spills. If an oil spill takes place, a regional Oil Spill Coordinator cleans the oil spill with the aid of an Oil Spill rejoinder Team. The director takes care of the spill and is responsible for safe and efficient control, cleanup operations, disposal, restoration, as well as documentation processes. The chemical reaction team is always ready as they receive special regular trainings (Zaindin, 1996, p. 3-4).\r\nEquipment that could in effect handle small to medium-sized oil spills have been stationed at the vicinity of the Red sea and in case of any large oil spills, additional imaginations allow be brought to immediately address the threat. Saudi Aramco has also inked ties with organizations that provide cooperative assistance in case of oil spill, namely, the Oil Spill Response (OSR) Ltd. based in England, sponge Caribbean Cooperative (CCC), Marine Preservation connecti on (MPA), Marine Industry Repsonse Group (MIRG), and the disconnectedness Area Oil Companies Mutual help Organization (GAOCMAO) (Zaindin, 1996, p.\r\n4). III. Involvement Saudi Arabia and lacquer Saudi Arabia has been involved in a lot of supranational treaties. One of these treaties was subscribe with Japan when both countries, among other things, acknowledge the importance of the stability of the world oil market as well as the importance of hook up withing security measures against global warming (Ministry of unlike affairs of Japan, 2007). Both sides reaffirmed the importance of the stability of the world oil market.\r\nThe Nipponese side denotative its appreciation and understanding for the Saudi Arabia’s balanced oil policy, which is a secure and reliable source for providing oil supplies to the international markets in general, and to the Japanese market in particular… fleck stressing the significance to further stir zygomorphously symmetric cooperatio n in energy, based upon mutually complementary relationship between Saudi Arabia, with its largest hydrocarbon resource in the world, and Japan, with its get a colossal withd energy-related technologies.\r\nThe Saudi side expressed its intention to continue to enjoin stable oil supply to Japan, and the Japanese side expressed its appreciation for this (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 2007). Both sides [also] decided that the international community should adopt appropriate measures against a mathematical global warming, based on the principle of common but severalise responsibilities as stated in the international commensuratenesss on climate change.\r\nIn this regard, the Japanese side expressed its volitioningingness to develop its cooperation in both levels of government and reclusive sphere of influences to promote the clean development mechanism (CDM) that contributes to combating the possible global warming as well as achieving sustainable developments in the landed estate of Saudi Arabia. Both sides reaffirmed the importance of the roles of the private sectors in both countries for promoting CDM projects (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 2007). Saudi Arabia should use the power of the law, as well as submit to the happen of international law, in order for efforts versus global warming to be successful.\r\nâ€Å"Law plays an important role in environmental shield at both the international and the national levels” (Chopra, Leemans, & Kumar, 2005, p. 41). However, a drawback to this concept is the fact that Saudi Arabia itself shows signs of not being fully amenable to the stipulations of several international systems and international laws on global warming. â€Å"Some OPEC countries (e. g. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) also opposed the FCCC (Framework Convention on Climate Change) for fear of its potential impact on the price of crude oil” (Alexander & Fairbridge, 1999, p.\r\n637). The disinvest glow accomplis hment and Addressing Global Warming The break up Air Act is a law that has been passed by rough countries in a rely to control air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Numerous developed countries such as the United States, Canada, and the United ground have adopted such laws and even some third world countries have done so. Saudi Arabia has til now to adopt such a law. In the United States, the Clean Air Act is a federal law which means that its coverage spans the whole country and it has been an effective tool in regulating greenhouse gas emissions.\r\nThe Environment Protection Agency (EPA) plays a crucial role in regulating processes regarding the law such as conniption limits on original air pollutants. The Clean Air Act which resulted in cut air pollution has improved human health as well as the status of the environment. Since 1970, the sextet common air pollutants have been reduced to 50 percent succession air toxics from large industries including oil refinerie s have been reduced by 70 percent. Additionally, new cars are 90 percent cleaner and are expected to be a lot cleaner in the future. Ozone depleting chemicals such as CFC’s have also ceased production.\r\nThis all happened while the economy prospered and energy and vehicle use increased (EPA, 2008). The same benefits could possibly be reaped if Saudi Arabia would adopt the same policies. The 2007 Climate Change Performance Index indicated that Saudi Arabia is at the bottom of the list when it comes to addressing global warming followed by the United States, chinaware and Malaysia. Sweden, Britain and Denmark were identified as the countries that have been doing the most to prevent further global warming. Nevertheless, the report indicated that what Sweden, Britain and Denmark are doing are not exuberant to prevent further climate change. IV.\r\nOrganizations diametrical organizations and alliances take part in addressing global warming, like the Kyoto protocol and the WTO . While Saudi Arabia is an active international player, it is not always in agreement with the rest of the group. revivering to the act of non compliance to the communications protocol’s instituted policies, Grosse (2005) stated that â€Å"Saudi Arabia has been among the non-Annex I countries that have been particular to the protocol” (p. 155). â€Å"The issue of subsidies favoring the coal, nuclear renewables sector has been raised by Saudi Arabia in the WTO’s Committee on flip-flop and Environment,” according to Yamin and Depledge (2004, p.\r\n256), in reaction to the WTO policies. The Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol is one doctrine that binds nations that have ratified it to help fight against global warming by reducing their emissions of six greenhouse gases, namely, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, south hexafluoride, HFC’s and PFC’s. It was instituted in Kyoto, Japan on December 1997 and was open up for ratification on Ma rch 16 of the succeeding year. The main goal of the Kyoto Protocol is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 5. 2 percent below the 1990 greenhouse gas emission levels from 2008 to 2012.\r\nCountries that have bound themselves to the protocol must adopt certain policies and strategies in order to meet the specified emission targets. However, the protocol has been subject to a lot of debate because it exempts developing countries, such as China and India as well as Saudi Arabia, from having emissions cuts. The United States refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol because of the exemption of the developing countries. US president George W. Bush also stated that they provide not sign the protocol because it does not bind developing countries and that it would be harmful to the US economy (West, 2008a).\r\nLate in 2004, the government of Saudi Arabia has approved of the Kyoto Protocol, but being a developing country, Saudi Arabia is not bound to adopt any cuts on greenhouse emissions alth ough it is expected that the Saudi Arabian government will make ample financial losses as the developed countries approve the protocol. According to Saudi Oil Minister Ali al-Naimi, the government will have accumulated losses amounting to $19 billion by 2010 because of the policies that the developed nations will adopt in order to reduce their emissions to meet the specified targets (Planet Ark, 2004).\r\nCarbon establish and retentiveness Carbon enamor and computer memory (CCS) is one approach that scientists are look at which could probably help reduce global warming. It has been regarded that CCS will reduce the cost associated with mitigating climate change as well as provide flexibility in attaining greenhouse gas reduction goals. CCS makes use of new technology. It collects and concentrates the carbon dioxide produced in industrial and energy related sources and transports it to a repositing location where it will be unplowed away from the atmosphere.\r\nThis would a llow the use of fossil fuels such as oil with a minimum level of greenhouse emissions (Metz, Davidson, de Coninck, Loos, & Meyer, 2005). geologic shop is one form of CCS. It is done by injecting carbon dioxide in dense form into rock formations underground. porous rock formations have great potential in storing carbon dioxide. much(prenominal) rock formations may include those that previously hold oil and natural gas. This kind of carbon memory is already being used in three industrial sites, namely, the Sleipnir puke in the North Sea, the Weyburn Project in Canada and the In Salah Project based in Nigeria.\r\nMoreover, 30 megatons of carbon dioxide per year is injected for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). This is loosely in Texas and the United States. This system of carbon arrive and storage makes use of around the same technology used for the exploration and production of gas (Metz, et al. , 2005). Geological storage may however be associated with some risks. Leakage from stored carbon dioxide may provide certain risks which are classified as either global risks or topical anaesthetic risks. Global risk is identified as the release of carbon dioxide which will have significant effects on global warming.\r\nOn the other hand, carbon dioxide news leak may also expose humans, ecosystems and groundwater to certain risks. These are the local risks (Metz, et al. , 2005). Annex 1 shows an overview of geological storage. Annex 1: Overview of Geological depot Another type of carbon storage is ocean storage. It is done by injecting buzz offd carbon dioxide at depths of greater than 1,000 m. under the ocean. This would isolate the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for centuries. Consequently, the stored carbon dioxide will bewilder part of the global carbon cycle.\r\nHowever, just like geological storage, ocean storage also has certain risks such that it can cause a great deal of harm. Studies have indicated that animals have been found with reduced rates of calcification, reproduction, growth, circulative oxygen supply and mobility, and even an increased mortality rate. Annex 2 shows minute information on Ocean computer memory (Metz, et al. , 2005). Annex 2: Overview of Ocean Storage mineral carbonation and industrial use is yet another form of carbon capture and storage.\r\nMineral carbonation makes use of converting carbon dioxide into steadfast inorganic carbonates through some form of chemical reaction. Mineral carbonation is actually a natural earthly process called â€Å"weathering” but human intervention needs to drive this process since it is too slow to become a viable carbon storage system. Industrial use involves using carbon dioxide â€Å"directly or as a feedstock for production of various carbon-containing chemicals” (IPCC, __, p. 39). Industrial use makes use of chemical and biological processes wherein carbon dioxide is utilized as a reactant.\r\nThe industrial use of carbon dioxide can help keep carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere by instead diverting it into a â€Å"carbon chemical pool”, but this measure will only when be of great benefit to preventing climate change if there is a significant amount of carbon dioxide taken away from the atmosphere. Refer to Annex 3 for more dilate information (Metz, et al. , 2005). Annex 3: Mineral Carbonation and Industrial Use Saudi Arabia and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) have expressed support with the development of this technology. Norway also present great please with Carbon Capture and Storage technology.\r\nNorwegian Oil and Energy Minister Aaslaug Haga has requested the support of the Saudi Arabian government in the development of CCS to which Saudi Oil Minister Ali al-Naimi responded eagerly. Dagens Naeringsliv quoted al Naimi saying that â€Å"both Saudi Arabia and Norway are concerned about the environment and requirement to reduce emissions with all possible means. carbonic acid gas c apture and storage is an excellent way to reduce emissions” (Acher, 2008, n. p. ). These countries want carbon capture technology included in the Clean Development Mechanism so that industrialised countries can cooperate to help advance this technology (Acher, 2008).\r\nAccording to the European applied science Platform on Zero dismission Fossil Fuel Power Plants, it is the pretermit of funding which impales research on carbon capture which then limits its potential (Kanter, 2008). The index of Saudi Arabia announced that the Saudi Arabian government will shell out 300 million USD for research on climate change, and this includes Carbon Capture and Storage technology. Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates also made an agency that each of them will be large-minded $150 million each tom support the Saudi Arabian strive (OPEC, 2007).\r\nSaudi Arabia shelling out that huge an amount of money for climate change research would indicate that the kingdom is now giving at tention to climate change. The orbit Trade Organization Saudi Arabia is now also a part of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and has recently gestural a bilateral trade agreement with the United States. The trade agreement came at a good time since Saudi Arabian imports have experienced a decline. The WTO has become a sign of respect and acceptance for Saudi Arabia particularly because it is the only GCC country and the largest oil producer (Zahid, 2005).\r\nSaudi Arabia initially did not join GATT, the WTO’s predecessor global trade agreement because oil, its sole export at the time, was not part of GATT (still not part of WTO). Later, as the Kingdom developed its downstream oil and petrochemical capacity, joining WTO became a key imperative in order to protect its exports from inordinate tariffs by mature, high-cost producer countries. (Zahid, 2005) For new aspirants at the WTO, conventionalisms may be harsh such that they will need to sign bilateral agreements with an y member country that requests it, and the terms will have to be increase to other member countries.\r\nAfterwards, a trilateral agreement should be inked with all member countries before being admitted into the WTO (Zahid, 2005). According to Zahid, the WTO had some negative impacts on Saudi Arabia but the WTO may be likened to a medicine. â€Å"It is unnameable to swallow but it eventually makes you amend” (Zahid, 2005, n. p. ). In the short term, the WTO will have Saudi Arabia, but in the long run, the Saudi Arabian economy will prosper because of the WTO such that there will be increased transparency, protection of copyrights, rule of law, and foreign investment.\r\nSaudi Arabia’s exports will also have access to WTO member countries (Zahid, 2005). The full impact of WTO will be a long and unfolding degree for the country. We still need to know the enlarge of the final agreement. WTO has given other countries long implementation periods and many exceptions. Also, we have to correspond what the final Saudi offer is in terms of tariffs, sectors, binding rates, etc. With this report, we pay off a series on what the WTO means for Saudi Arabia. (Zahid, 2005) On one point of view, it is regarded that the WTO can follow through better greenhouse gas reductions compared to the Kyoto Protocol.\r\nPeter Franklin of the Guardian proposes the: Negotiat[ion of] a successor to Kyoto and then let the WTO enforce it. Nations that failed to meet their carbon targets would have a proportionate tariff slapped on their imports. Such a system could even be used to deal with countries that refused to sign up to the new agreement. The WTO would unilaterally impose a target on each non-signatory nation, with their special carbon emissions and consequent penalties being assessed in absentia.\r\nThe export-led economies of China, India and other key Kyoto absentees would be particularly susceptible to such pressure (Franklin, 2006). The Kyoto Protocol has no fangs and this could be filled in by the WTO as those who do not approve of reducing greenhouse targets will have to suffer some consequences from the WTO. This could however be treated as a disrespect to a country’s sovereignty. In the long run, since the WTO would attract more foreign investment, foreign investments will also be encouraged in developing alternative, renewable energy solutions in Saudi Arabia.\r\nConsequently, CCS can thrive from a mercantile point of view as the sensation of climate change would trigger interest in forwarding this technology for economic gains. The WTO system encourages a good government, which in turn will help in framing policies for increased participation in anti-climate change efforts. V. Problems and Solutions The planet’s decline in quality climate condition is partly the doing of the industrial cities in Saudi Arabia, from where carbon dioxide emissions from oil manufacturing and processing come from.\r\nThe investment of Saudi Arabia in finding solutions for the problems posed by global warming is research and resources. Countries like Saudi Arabia allocate funds for studies. It focuses its studies on oil-related aspects of global warming management. It is important for countries to betray studies so that they can get first hand information about global warming and its implications. â€Å"Nations should foster the continued development of these epistemic communities not only to stimulate new avenues of research, but also to help create greater opportunities for consensus building and organize action” (Lee, 1995, p. 14).\r\nIn reducing carbon dioxide emissions coming from oil, there are a variety of methods that could be adopted. One is eliminating subsidies to prevent increase in consumption levels. but saving up on energy use can help exempt greenhouse emissions. Resorting to renewable energy sources provides great potential in dealing with this environmental threat since these renewa ble energy sources produce no amount of emissions whatsoever. For countries like Saud\r\n'

'Diversity Worksheet Essay\r'

'1. What is sort? Why is diversity valued?\r\n variety is the human attributes that be different from your own and different from free radicals to which you belong. renewal is broken into two categories: visible and invisible. megascopic diversity includes attributes like age, race, ethinicity, gender, etcetera and camouflaged diversity ar attributes like contribute experience, marital status, p atomic number 18ntal status, income, religious beliefs, etc. Diversity is valued because once you trick recognize some or whole of the diverseness in a person, you bottom of the inning then recognize how unique they are. (â€Å"What Is Diversity? It’S More Than Race Or sexual activity †University Of …”, 2002)\r\n2. What is ethnocentrism? In what ways croup ethnocentrism be detrimental to a ball club? Enthnocentrism is the belief in the inherent high quality of one’s own social conference or goal. (dictionary.com, 2013) Ethnocentrism can be d etrimental because judegment is being passed on some some other culture based on that on individual’s values or beliefs, thinking they are more higher-ranking or better without possibly having whatever knowledge of that culture and no proclivity to learn rough it.\r\n3. Define expatriation and immigration.\r\nEmigration is to leave a demesne to rangetle in another. Immigration is oming into a new country as a permanent resident. These choices are not evermore vonluntary but can come from affair or war. Involuntary migration is not as common anymore but ofttimes of the past migrations were involuntary. Emigration and immigration both contribute to minorities. (Schaefer, Chapter 1, 2012)\r\n4. What are some of the ways groups of people are identified? racial groups:\r\na group that is socially set unconnected because of obvious physical differences. ethnic groups: a group set apart from others because of its national origin or classifiable cultural patterns. Relig ious groups: a group that is associated with a religion other than the controlling faith. Gender groups: a group where males are the social absolute majority ( overriding) and females, although larger in population, are the social nonage. Other groups: age, check status, physical appearance, and sexual orientation. (Schaefer, Chapter 1, 2012)\r\n5. Why do people label and group other people?\r\nPeople label and group others because they are either dominant or want to be the dominant. Being the dominant means having the power over others or things and since the United States is a democracy, majorit rules, so the majority has the power. The minority group then has lesser chances of ruling and life’s opportunites are express mail. (Schaefer, Chapter 1, 2012)\r\n6. Define culture. Is culture limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds? Explain. Culture is the behaviors and belief characterstics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group. (dictionary.com, 2013) This translatio n I found is vague in my opinion because culture can be included in genders, sexual orientations, nationalities, and more. stock-still with that the definition of culture is not limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds. Since culture is a behavior and/or belief I really think just about anyone in any kind of minority has these that are separate from others.\r\nReferences\r\nWhat is Diversity? It’s More than Race or Gender †University of …. (2002). Retrieved from http://www.med.umich.edu/diversity/pdffiles/file28.pdf‎\r\nEthnocentrism. (2013). In Dictionary.com. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ethnocentrism?s=t\r\nSchaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and Ethnic Groups (13th ed.). Retrieved from\r\nThe University of genus Phoenix eBook Collection database.\r\nCulture. (2013). In Dictionary.com. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/culture?s=t&ld=1136\r\n'

'Harry Potter Movie Review Essay\r'

' lay waste to Potter is an average 11-year-old boy who has lived with the Dursley family always since his p bents died in a car crash. For nigh reason the family has always mistreated him. On his 11th birthday a giant man named Rubeus Hagrid detainment him a letter telling him that he has been accepted as a student at the Hogwarts instruct of Witchcraft and Wizardry. * rile soon learns that his parents were wizards and were killed by an evil wizard named Voldemort, a legality that was obscure from him all these years. He embarks for his new-fangled life as a student, pull together two good friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger along the way.\r\nThey soon learn that something very valuable, called the sorcerers stone, is hidden somewhere deep inside the take aim and Voldemort is very anxious to lay his hands on it. Together they must employ Hermione’s brilliant intellect, Ron’s joviality, and rag’s bravery to stop Voldemort. In this epic action pa cked reverie three friends learn the importance of experience and that its power is unstoppable. * The attributes that play a springy role to this movie in being a box office advantage is the actors performance and the story itself. Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger are a great trio for this character of movie. Daniel Radcliffe has the perfect face for an innocent eleven-year old-boy objet dart he does have the matter of valorousness and bravery in his eyes. Rupert Grint has the mischievous look of a procrastinator and jovial boy who in the movie is perfect for the funny, always nervous, and *\r\n'

'Mass Communication History Essay\r'

' portion dialogue is the strike of how we get information to the greatest number of people as chop-chop and effectively as possible. This broad-based bea of vignette has evolved from print and broadcast journalism to now’s Internet-connected societal media community. As opportunities to submit to larger audiences grew, universities started offer classs to help students unwrap how to best communicate with the portiones. Basic to the area of cud colloquys is examining the important and unforgettable events that emerged along the way intercourse to an immediate Audience\r\nPeople and societies have been discourse with each other since the time of undermine drawings and drums. Ancient cultures, such as the Chinese and Romans, communicated through and through plays and art exertions. The beginnings of print media were seen in China where movable clay causa was invented in 1041. Monks and holy men copied the ledger by hand, but plenty media really took off round 1439 whenJohannes Gutenberg‘s intent of movable type allowed the set ware and distribution of discussions. Although new-fashionedspapers began in the early 1600s, legion(predicate) Ameri feces colonists still relied on the township crier as their sole cite of information. Communication Spreads to the aggregatedes\r\nDigital explanation foc procedures on the period from 1880 -1920 as flowing(a) the rise of spile colloquy, with the introduction of the mass market newsworthinesspapers featuring comic strips, fashion pages, sports news, and women’s pages. topic mass circulation magazines, such as Ladies’ Home Journal, also began to appear at that time. Frank Doubleday started organizing book tours to brand and fire bestsellers. Thomas Edison introduced us to the wonders of music with his phonograph. advert became popular in the late 1800s when the National Biscuit corporation, which posterior became Nabisco, spent the unheard-of sum of one one million million million dollars on a national advertising turn on. Others (like Campbell Soups, Heinz, and quaker Oats) quickly followed suit in communicating their harvestings’ benefits to the buying public. At the same time, schools of high learning were beginning to realize that they necessitate to instruct students on these communication techniques. Although cognise more(prenominal) for its business grads, The Wharton School of the University of papa offered the starting communications courses in 1893. The University oert an official school of communications 60 years later.\r\nHow ever, Otterbein College in Westerville, Ohio is distinctly cognize for having the first communications program. Their program, which was founded in 1906, began accolade marks in 1909. A Rapid attire\r\nCommunication programs at schools first cerebrate on writing, publishing, and newspaper journalism. As photography, radio, and movies became bulge reveal of the mainstrea m media, universities had to work hard to bring their programs up to date. In 1903, the movie The Great adopt Robbery began to show the ability of the fight down picture to tell a story. Marconi introduced radio set communications in 1895, which lead to mercenary radio broadcasting in 1920 and television set broadcasts in 1939. By 1922, movies had become so popular that they sold up to 40 million tickets a week. Walt Disney himself said, â€Å"Of all of our inventions for mass communication, pictures still speak the most universally understood language.” The first doctoral degree in mass communication was conveyed by the University of Iowa’s School of Journalism and potful Communication in 1948. After foundation War II, class offerings in mass communication started growing dramatically as students looked for information on communicating through media such as magazines, radio, and television. A transparent New World of Mass Communication\r\nIn the digital age, t he possibilities for mass communication are growing even larger. Since the first commercial communication satellite was launched in 1960, communication possibilities have expanded to allow in Internet, social media, blogs, RSS feeds, podcasts, online video, and mobile media. In the 1990s, schools started offering courses in online communications. In 2007, Syracuse University’s S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communication introduced a digital newsroom to train the news reporters of the future. A degree in mass communication faeces take you in some(prenominal) directionsâ€business, advertising, acting, journalism, public relations, government, and international relationsâ€and into the future. further you have to take the first mistreat and start by getting full-blooded fundamentals offered in advanced degree programs. Examples of Major Corporations Deploying Mass Media Strategies Mass Media Strategies admit a merchandising Difference\r\nThe study of mass communicat ion can lead you in many exciting calling directionsâ€politics, corporate merchandising, charitable work, and more. Many organizations effectively utilize mass media strategies to get their content out to their target audiences. Savvy politicians are using social mass media strategies to throw at present’s highly-connected generation of voters. or so mass media strategists are now using their knowledge and abilities to fight for change and comparison in the manhood. The following examples highlight where a degree in mass communication could take you. Ford Fuses Mass Media Strategies to trade in the league\r\nWhen Ford Motor Company introduced its new Ford Fusion in 2005, the manufacturer wanted to move from its tralatitious Taurus-driving family appeal to attracting younger, hipper drivers. The â€Å"Life in hinge upon” mass media strategy f employ traditional television advertising with an online â€Å"Photo Fusion” interactive component to build awareness. The candidacy helped Ford sell more than 23,000 Fusions in just three months and motivated the telephoner to increase fruition quantities to meet demand. Olympus Uses Mass Media Strategies to Climb to the Top\r\nOlympus Imaging used an innovative â€Å"augmented reality” campaign to motivate prospective customers to try out a simulated version of their new portable digital camera. They relied on a mass media strategy to drive consumers to a website for an interactive tutorial and simulated product â€Å"test drive.” Olympus quickly managed to get a version of their product into the hands of over 50,000 potential buyers without ever asking them to qualifying into a store. In addition, a competition which motivated enthusiastic visitors to share their bewilder through social networks spread the news even further. Green Mass Media Strategies financial aid Book Authors See Green Results alike(p) to the results that can be seen in product marketing, a mass media strategy can also be effective in book marketing. When Shel Horowitz, a dark-green marketing consultant, and his co-author, Jay Conrad, wanted to promote their book, Guerrilla Marketing Goes Green, they combined traditional media, social marketing, and green guerilla marketing elements to achieve success. The book was published in January 2010; three months later it was number one on virago’s environmental list. Using amicable Mass Media Strategies to Become President\r\n peradventure the best example of using right away’s social mass media outlets to ascent money, generate awareness, and build momentum is the Barack Obama press out for president in 2008. Through his campaign’s unprecedented use of social mass media, over 30 million dollars was raised by thousands of individuals and groups that were motivated to work on his behalf. Voters can count on seeing more of this effective use of mass media strategies in the 2012 presidential resource campaig n as traditional media cost soar and it becomes more difficult than ever before to reach a targeted pick out audience. Using Mass Media Strategies to Effect unconditional Change in the World Mass media strategies can also play a part in mothering spheric strategic communications.\r\nThe United Nations Entity for Gender equation and the Empowerment of Women has effectively used a combination of community mobilization, outreach, and mass media to put forward education, reduce violence, and develop initiatives to promote sexual practice equality in developing countries around the world. In the United States, the Family Violence barroom Fund used a mass media public service announcements strategy to promote the availability of a â€Å"Coaching Boys into custody” program that provided sports coaches with a â€Å"playbook” on how to talk to their teams about domestic violence. As more mass media opportunities are becoming ready(prenominal) to promote products, servi ces, and ideas, more mass media marketers bequeath be needed to help develop and direct these campaigns. You can start build your knowledge and insight into the world of mass media with an online degree in mass communication. This program can give you an understanding of the heterogeneous mass media strategies that are available today and provide you with knowledge to help you make informed decisions in a world where mass integrated communication can make a massive difference.\r\n'

'Practicum Narrative Report\r'

'-A â€Å"ONE-STEP HIGHER” AT MAXS RESTAURANT, QUEZON AVE. ,QUEZON CITY- I am rattling happy that I had my practicum at Maxs eating place, Quezon Avenue. Being routine of the desirable people of Maxs is re each(prenominal)y great and it was very memorable for me. I utilize at Maxs through online so I was move that it completely took me one day postponement for their confirmation if Im hired or non however thanks God- its positive. 🙂 Specific each(prenominal)y, I applied for CSA (Customer Sevice Attendant) for I know that it could re providedy remedy me as a person and of course, to amend my skill and knowledge as an HRM student.On the archetypical day, Mam Rizza who is our good and patient trainer taught a small background/ history of Maxs restaurant. We well-read that it started since 1945when Maximo Gimenez Gimenez decided to open a cafe which rund chicken, steak, and drinks. He was joined by his wife Mercedes, sister-in-law Felipa Serrano Sanvict ores, his niece Ruby who managed the kitchen, and her husband Claro. later that, they were support to expand the menu and serve more than Filipino provender. Maxs Restaurant bills itself as â€Å"The hearthstone that fried chicken built”.Maxs Restaurant currently has over 127 branches in the Philippines and has undefended branches internationnally. After the start-off orientation, were on the indorsement part which is the Menu Familiarization which is quite thorny for those who argon not good in memorization. Honestly, at first, I got confused with the yield codes and descriptions of every aliment item but thanks to Mam Rizza for being knowledgeable and proactive teacher to us. After this, she also taught the antithetic w ars used for soups/ salads, chief(prenominal) course, case dishes, desserts and crapulence glasses.After discussion, Mam Rizza gave us many activities (by group) to promote intimacy and camaraderie among us. So, its so really thin because a ll of us tincture that we are one orotund family. After this, Mam Rizza gave us our long quiz for the preparation on the actual examination. Finally, I passed the examination. 🙂 The third part of the orientation is all about the eat Training Program which is also the hold water part of our orientation programme. This program unruffled of 2 parts. First part was all about the service tonicity, customer deals, etiquettes, dos ; donts and rewards of gauzy service.To summarize, this is more on the service quality and the etiquettes of a service personnel. We dumbfound well-read the dissimilar principles and rules followed at Maxs. Mam Rizza discussed to us the customers need for us to understand who are the leaf nodes? and what are their needs as a guest? succeeding(a) is the 7 deadly sins that pertains to things or actions to avoid duration on obligation and last is the rewards of elegant service. Overall, Mam Rizza gave us the motivation for us to be a ange lic people of Maxs by giving our excellent and â€Å"TODO BIGAY SERVICE” to all the guests.Additionally, Mam Rizza always re nouss us that GOOD ATTITUDE AND CHARACTER IS A MUST! Second part was all about the â€Å"Sectionalization” which implies the knowing and apprehension the responsibilities of each service personnel (greeter, assholeer/rover, ordertaker, server and servers). We knowledgeable the first rule: â€Å"No guest is left unattended and all lay are manned at all magazines. ” The dining sequence dispassionate of 7 parts. Starting from the greeting the guests, conduct them to their tables, presenting menu and removing extra settings.These first 4 actions should be through with(p) with a self-aggrandizing grinning and care making the guests feel that they are welcome and at home. Next go out be the order taking, declarative selling, repeating orders and punching orders. On this stage, presence of object is really needed because you have to shield all the questions of the guests and you have to get the orders of the guests properly thats why repeating orders is very authorised. equivalent on the first stage, a big smile and care for every guest. Ooopsss… Dont get out to take the name of the guest and advance yourself to them.The third stage includes the serving of food and drinks. The fourth smell includes the first match back, (done to check the satisfaction of guests by petition how is the food? ), arouseive selling for desserts or coffee and partial bussing. Fifth tread includes the presenting the bill if it is asked by the guest. This should be done politely with a smile. After receiving payment, ordinal step include the presenting of change and verbalism â€Å"Thank you for dining Sir/ Mam”. The last step (7th) includes thanking the guests and inviting them again to come again. Part of the 7 sequence is the time standards.These time standards are the preparation time for each food item. It s very important to know this to tell the guests if how longer they will wait for their food. For salads/ soups and side orders (5 mins. ); rubys favorites (15 mins. ); fried chicken (20 mins. ) rice/ drinks boot out fruit shakes (3 mins), combo meals (10 mins. ) and desserts (5-10 mins. ). Lastly, we discussed the suggested script for the guests while communicating with but the most important is the four magic words: warrant me, Thank you, My pleasure and Certainly Mam/ Sir. After the discussion, we had our last examination.And again, I passed it. 🙂 Thanks be to Mam Rizza, to my classmates and to God who helped all of us to match and finish this orientation. November 26, 2012- first day of my craft at Maxs Restaurant, Quezon Avenue. My supervisors (Sir Jon and Sir Tom) gave me a short check over about the table set- up and seat numbering (1 oclock position). They also taught me the three subprogram rooms they have- Claro, Ruby and Maximo Hall. But in the beginning t hat, I met my co- CSAs who I considered as my Kuya and have. On my first week, I am the greeter. As a greeter, I have to be a person who always smiles, having a welcoming spirit.At first, it seems that its the easiest responsibility of a CSA. Yeah, it is true(p) but sometimes crucial when there are no CSA at the stations who will assist the guests. If that so, I have to quickly assist them to their preferred tables and go back again to the doors as fast-flying as I net to oblige the next guests who will enter at the door. As time goes by, it became my lifestyle whe neer I saw people, I learned to smile and greet them politely. I also learned how to socialize with different types of persons. On my mho week, I was assigned at station 3 (tables 21-24).At first, I am delirious but the tension was really there. I did some mistakes such as not repeating orders clearly to the guests, wrong orders, forgot to suggest soups/ salads and carelessness the way I serve food/ drinks. These are my common mistakes during my first days. But of course, on the next deuce weeks, I saw myself improving up to now though sometimes, there are wee mistakes, I developed my problem-solving skills and the presence of mind was really there. Thanks God for guide me and of course to my supervisors who always corrects me if there is something wrong.As time goes on, I really learned to socialize with my co-CSAs ( ingest Rox, Ate Rose, Ate Berna, Ate Tessa (BSA), Ate Aeinah (BSA), Ate Ching, Ate Marga, Ate Sherly, Ate Shelou and Ate Bridgette). I will never forget them because they are the one who helped me and promote me to finish my reading. 🙂 One thing Ive learned is to mingle with them even though they had different attitudes and personalities. The most memorable moment during my training period is the personal visitation of my erotic love instructors (Mam She and Sir Chris). I was greatly impressed with them as my coordinators because they have the time to visit us.My instructors impress with my physical appearance (wearing my black curry uniform at Maxs) and they said to me: â€Å"Babae ka na pala! ” 🙂 The OJT program I had at Maxs Restaurant is really good and memorable to me. I learned many things form my institute and co-staffs. One thing to improve their OJT program is to let the students experience the two main departments: Dining and Kitchen, because they only allow only one department for OJTs. For those students who will be having their OJT, they have to prepare all the workable requirements as soon as possible.And, as much as possible, they need the cooperation of the coordinators. Be a good trainee when having OJT especially with the duties and responsibilities. Be cooperative and avoid absenteeism because it will be bad record for the company. If the company requires only one department, be sure that you will choose the best department where you can share your skills and interest. Lastly, give your best gun! Asses sment of the OJT Program SUBMITTED BY: Jeunesse Micah L. Eugenio BSHRM-4A SUBMITTED TO: Ms. Shirley C. Espina HRM teacher/ OJT Coordinator\r\n'

'Intro to MT\r'

'What is Medical Technology? Branch of lab wish for which deals with the diagnostic or remedy applications of science and technology. Also known as clinical Laboratory experience A dynamic comfortablynesscare profession that deals with the teach and practice of diagnostic testing ground medicine. poignancy Heinemann (1963) The application of principles of natural, physical, and biological sciences to the performance of research lab procedures which aid in the diagnosing and discourse of unhealthinesss.Anna Fagelson (1961) The branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease and the maintenance of health. Walters The health profession concerned with performing laboratory analyses in view of obtaining information necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of disease as well as in the maintenance of good health.Republic Act zero(prenominal) 5527 An auxiliary branch of laboratory med icine which deals with the examination by discordant chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic and early(a) medical laboratory procedures r technique which will aid the doctor in the diagnosis, study, and treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in general.Medical engineer A person who engages in the knead of medical technology under the inadvertence of a pathologist or authorize physician authorized by the part of Health in places where there is no pathologist and who having passed the prescribed course ( bachelor-at-arms of Science in Medical Technology/Bachelor of Science in Public Health) of facts of life and examination is registered under the provision of this Act. reputation of Work Medical Technologists perform colonial chemical, biological, hematological, immunologic, microscopic, and bacteriological analyses, including: Microscopically examine telephone line and other body rovings.Make cultures of body fluid and tissue samples to determine the presence of bacteria, tungi, parasites, or other microorganisms. Analyze samples tor chemical substance or a chemical reply and determine concentrations of compounds such as line of reasoning glucose and cholesterol levels. Type and cross duplicate blood samples for transfusions. Evaluate test results, spring up and modify procedures, and establish and monitor rograms to mark off the accuracy of tests.In what way will it be of help and importance to our society? To purify the management of health conditions using various means of identifying the causes and nature of diseases. To aid other health professionals in decision-making as well as in therapeutic directions; ultimately to deliver an excellent patient care and improve the quality of life. Field of distinguishing characteristic Hematology Clinical Chemistry Clinical Microscopy (Parasitology) Microbiology (Bacteriology, Mycology) Blood Bank & blood transfusion Practices\r\n'

'Advantages and Disadvantages of High and Low Exchange Rates of a Fixed and Floating Exchange Rate System Essay\r'

'1. An modify position is the intake of one notes expressed in terms of another. If the U.S. alternate valuate for the Canadian Dollar is $1.60, this heart and soul that 1 American Dollar can be swopd for 1.6 Canadian dollars.\r\nWith a elevated reciprocation count, in that respect ar many advantages: Imports manufacture comparatively cheaper. For prototype the unlawful for substanceed raw materials becomes cheaper; the toll of production for firms becomes less. This could lead to decreased prices for consumers. The miserableer-rankinger price of imported impregnables similarly puts force on domestic help firms to corrobo ramble prices low. All this leads to a d avowward pressure of inflation. Further more, more imports can be bought. A high exchange rate means that for each social unit of the currency, more units in unconnected currencies can be bought. therefore there entrusting be more visible imports, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as technolo gy, and invisible imports, such as external travel. Moreover, a high honour of currency forces domestic producers to more efficiency as they forget try to re principal(prenominal) their free-enterprise(a)ness. This would lead to great stinting productivity of the country.\r\nYet, a result king also be the laying-off of workers. As visible, there are also disadvantages to a high exchange rate. exportation industries cleverness be damaged. Domestic companies will note it hard to sell their products abroad due to their comparatively high prices, which could lead to un purpose in these industries. There also faculty be damage to domestic industries. As it is cheap for households to consume products from abroad, domestic industries baron set out care that the read, defined as the quantity of goods and services that consumers are willing, and able to buy at each accomplishable price over a given cadence period, for domestic product falls. A result of this might be further increase in the direct of unemployment, defined as the people of working age, those in the labour force, actively seeking work at the current wage rate hardly cannot ascertain one, as firms cut back.\r\nPossible advantages of a low exchange rate involve the greater employment in export industries as exports become relatively less expensive. Furthermore, domestic companies might experience greater employment as the low exchange might encourage consumers to spend more on domestic goods and services, rather than importing goods and services. This might also lecture employment. A possible disadvantage of a low exchange rate is inflation, defined as the uphold increase in the general or sightly level of prices. Imported final goods and services, raw materials and components become more expensive. The cost of production for firms will rise, leadership to a boost prices for the final products.\r\nTo sum up, a high exchange rate may be a good fight against inflation, barely unempl oyment could be created, whereas a low re pry of a currency may be good for solving unemployment problems, but may create inflationary pressure.\r\n2. A set exchange rate is an exchange rate regime where the value of a currency is amend to the value of another currency, to the average value of a woof of currencies, or to the value of some other commodity, such as gold. Usually the central bank or government decide upon and maintain the value of the currency.\r\nThe Barbadian Dollar has been fixed against the US dollar at a rate of 2Bds$ = 1 US$ since 1975. When there is an increase in show, defined as the willingness and efficacy of products to produce a quantity of a good at a given price in a given time period, for Barbadian dollar, for example due to the Barbadians purchasing a greater inwardness of imports, the supply curve shifts from S1 to S2. There is excess supply of Barbadian dollars from Q2 †Q1. Without intervention by the government, the exchange rate would fa ll, leading to inflationary problems. The government will consequently buy up the excess supply of its own currency on the foreign exchange market. This shifts the command curve from D1 to D2. This is possible due to previously amassed militia of foreign currencies.\r\nAn advantage of such a fixed exchange system is the reduction of uncertainties for all the economic agents in the country. Firms will be able to plan ahead, knowing that the predicted costs and prices for internationalistic trading agreements will not change. Furthermore, fixed exchange order gibe sensible government policies on inflation as inflation has a very harmful mental picture on the posit for exports and imports. The government is forced to take up measures to ensure a low level of inflation. In theory, a fixed exchange rate should also reduce speculation in the foreign exchange markets. Yet, this has not always been the sequel in the past.\r\nDisadvantages of a fixed exchange rate are that the gove rnment is compelled to keep the exchange rate fixed. The main way of doing this is through the manipulation of interest rates. However, if the exchange rate is in danger of falling, then the interest rates have to be increased to raise film for the currency. This will have a deflationary effect on the economy, lowering demand and increase unemployment. Furthermore, high level of reserves need to be maintained to make it clear that it is able to endure its currency by the buying and selling of foreign currencies.\r\nSetting the level of the fixed exchange rate is not simple. If the rate is set at the wrong level, export firms may find a wish of competitiveness in foreign markets. In case of that, the exchange rate needs to be devalued, but again, finding the exact right level is difficult. Furthermore, a country that fixes its exchange rate at an unnaturally low level may create international disagreement. This is because a low exchange rate will make the country’s exports more competitive on world markets and may be seen as an unfair trade advantage. This may lead to economic disputes or to retaliation.\r\nAn advantage of a floating exchange rate is that it does not have to be unbroken at a certain level. Interest rates are free to be employed as domestic monetary tools. It could be used for demand management policies. An example for this would be controlling inflation. To keep the current method of handbilling balanced, the floating exchange rate should adjust itself.\r\nFor example a current account deficit, the demand for the currency is to low since export gross revenue are relatively low. The supply of the currency is high, since the demand for imports is relatively high. As you can see, markets adjust and the exchange rate should fall. Export prices become relatively attractive, import prices relatively less attractive and the current account balance should settle itself. Another advantage is that reserves are not used to control the value of the currency. This makes is unnecessary to keep high levels of foreign currencies and gold.\r\nThere are also disadvantages. Uncertainty tends to be created. plan of businesses tends to be difficult and investments, defined as the expenditure by firms on capital equipment and is an injection into the economy, are hard to assess. The levels of international investment will decrease. Furthermore, in reality, floating exchange rates are bear upon by many factors, not only demand and supply.\r\nAnother factor would be speculation. Therefore they might not adjust themselves and might not make pass current account deficits. Last, a floating exchange rate regime may worsen vivacious levels of inflation. High inflation relative to other countries will make its exports less competitive and imports will be relatively less expensive. Yet, this could lead to even high prices on import goods and services and inflation.\r\n'

'Learning Analysis\r'

'I wanted to apply for a seam maintaining databases; however, the connection I was applying for used a contrary computer computer programmeme which I extremityed to direct beforehand being considered for the application. Although I had no federal agency of being hired, I bought the program and the book and unyielding to pack the program on my sustain. Whether I stir up the job or not, I render intentional something parvenu to add to my ré sum of m angiotensin converting enzymeyé. In my tender Resources Management class, we were taught that the best way to join information ab let out the prospective applicant is to take c ar at their résumé’s and that it is a superb deal the most used pre filling tool. A résumé that is complete and presents current information or so angiotensin converting enzyme’s qualifications and aptitudes will get the most points during selection (Newell & international group Aere; Scarborough, 2002). Moreov er, it is to a fault important that when a skill or expertise is listed on a résumé it is tangiblely verifi open and that one could demo it if needed.This meant that if I echtly wanted that job, I should be able to master this program or be able to plump with it before I hire that application letter. I approached the task with a whiz of urgency since the deadline for the application was in a week. I recalled that in the recruitment process, it is important to stick a time frame of the recruitment activities as sometimes the need for an applicant to the position is immediate (Newell & international deoxyadenosine monophosphateere; Scarborough, 2002), since the time frame for the application process was in a week, I figured the partlynership mustiness really be in a step on it to fill the job vacancy.A vacancy in the company can be brought about by outside turnovers, where the employee voluntarily leave the company, or an internal turnover, where the employee is pro moted to a higher position (Mathis & Jackson, 2006). Database administrators usually operation alone and it is a very specific job that its job description is basically about how to bring in and update information in the company’s database and based on this, I deduced the former employee of the company I was setting my eyes on resigned. poverty-stricken resignations often occur because of the need for correct paid jobs, job dissatisfaction, disagreement with the solicitude and a total lot more. However, it would be too much of me to ring so far ahead about the reasons wherefore the former database administrator left; it’s the end of counting the rotten eggs even before finding the hen.I was in the middle of my thoughts when I complete that I was not yet working on the program. So I proceeded to install the program on my computer and scanned the guidebook to familiarize myself with the icons and the layout of the interface. Setting up the program on my co mputer was easy; I followed the instructions cargonfully and installed the software tutor to do me. Then, I had the book of instructions and proceeded to punch out some commands and clicked on the icons on the screen in front of me. Then after 10 minutes, I realized I was not breeding anything!I could not make heads or tails about what the program was about really, and it was like a matt-up of senseless letters and numbers. Besides, my head was spinning from spin my eyes at the monitor and and so flavour at the guide book and asking aid from the program tutor. In this predicament, I found myself spirit back at the human resource management theories that I took up this semester at the university. HR concepts and theories are actually valuable instruments that would help organizations become racy (Ulrich& Brockbank, 2005)I remembered that motivating people to learn something new or to have them attend to skills subscribe toing is one of the most difficult tasks that an HR manager have to face. Research had found that employees willingly attend trainings and workshops since it would free them from their daily work routines, however, whether they learn anything from it or not has not been established (Kraiger & Ford, 2006). Although, researchers agree that an employee who have demonstrable attitudes towards the training program would likely emolument more from the training while a disconfirming attitude towards the training sessions would mean that the possibility of larn has already been blocked. Designing an stiff training program should be based on motivation theories and vainglorious accomplishment.Motivation theories indicate that in order for the man-to-man to complete a task, the goal itself should be one that the individual values (Mathis & Jackson, 2006). This would mean that the training should be one that is related to the work tasks of the employee and that it could be sensed as an opportunity for growth and development . Training activities should in addition be designed to provide opportunities for the participants to succeed and tonus that they are competent, thus, if the skills training is about making functioning evaluation instruments thusly the participants could be asked to make their own instrument and input can be habituated in how to make performance evaluations which would either affirm the participants skills or teach them new ones.The needs hypothesis of motivation also says that trainings should answer a need; this means that the employee will perceive the training as someoneally important to him/her if it satisfies a need. The need for growth, for achievement, for competency and for affiliation is answered by training programs. When an employee is required to attend a training workshop, it tells him that the company wants him to become better at his job, that they care about his personal bespeak for professional growth, and that the company is looking after their employees (Pfeffer & Veiga, 1999). Aside from motivation, a key factor in effective training programs is big(a) learning theories.The effectivity of trainings and workshops is measured by the amount of skills transferred from the training to the actual job (Kraiger & Aguinis, 2001). However, literature says that training authority in terms of learning transfer has not been adequately studied due to the difficulty of supervise learning in the oeuvre. Adult learning theories suggests that adults learn experientially, that is by doing and applying what is being taught (Nkomo, Fottler & McAfee, 2005). Thus, if the skills being taught are customer service courtesy, it would be more effective if the skill is taught using role playing techniques and applying it to real life situations than if it was just taught using lectures.Moreover, learning happens in a continuum, one being effective learning and remembering and the other is end is forgetting and decay. Thus, trainings should be effrontery periodically, it should not be a one-shot deal where you would ask that everything is learned and that it should not be repeated (Salas, carom­Bowers, Rhodenizer & Bowers, 1999), however it makes no sense to train employees on something that they do not need or one that is not relevant to their jobs. After, this musings and theoretical exercise, I went back to my database program and begun learning it in a different approach.First off, I delegated a time for my learning schedule that is on the same time everyday, then I chose between the guide book or the tutor to help me since using both would be confusing and exhausting. From what I learned on adult learning, the training session should be interactive, one that I can work on and see concrete results or outputs, so settled for the tutor and ditched the guidebook. Second, on my starting session, I read the introductory part of the program and had the tutorial run to give an overview of the progra m, because the HR texts said one must first empathise what the training is for and where it could be used to make the person’s job easier or more meaningful.The tutorial was interactive so I got to associate the different commands with its specific functions and I remembered it easily because I could escort the icon, no wonder programs have icons, it makes the manipulation of the program simpler. After several tutorials I then proceeded to work on the program on my own, I printed the specimen exercises and then proceeded to work on the database using the exercises and if I could not make sense of it, I then asked the tutor for help.The best thing about the activities was that it worked on an actual data, although it was fictitious, I had something to work with and could treat them as real. What was gratifying was that every time I was able to complete an exercise and produce the output on the dot as it was presented in the training program, I entangle I accomplished some thing and I was sure that I was really learning. At present, I am still on the third chapter but it has been a good run, and that job application seems to be on the positive side since many of those who applied are also not familiar with the program.ReferencesKraiger, K. & Ford, J. K. (2006). The expanding role of workplace training: Themes and trendsinfluencing training research and practice.  In L. L. Koppes (Ed.), historical perspectives in industrial and organizational psychology.  Mahwah, NJ:  Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Kraiger, K. & Aguinis, H. (2001). Training effectiveness: Assessing training needs, motivation,and accomplishments.  In M. capital of the United Kingdom (Ed.), How people evaluate others in organizations:  Person information and interpersonal judgment in I/O psychology.Mathis, R. & Jackson, J. (2006). Human resource management eleventh  ed. Boston:Thomson/Southwestern.Newell, H. & Scarborough, H. (2002). HRM in Context †A Case Study Approach. London:Palgrave.Nkomo, S.,  Fottler, M. & McAfee, R. (2005). Applications in human resource management:Cases, Exercises, and Skill Builders fifth  ed. Boston: Thomson/Southwestern.Pfeffer, J., & Veiga, J.F.  (1999).  Putting people  first for organizational success.  Academy ofManagement Executive, 13, 37­48.Salas, E., Cannon­Bowers, J., Rhodenizer, L., & Bowers, C. (1999). Training inorganizations: Myths, misconceptions, and mistaken assumptions. Research in Personneland Human Resources Management, 17, 123­161.Ulrich, D.& Brockbank, W. (2005). The HR Value Proposition. Boston: Harvard BusinessSchool Press.\r\n'

'Why did Elizabethans voyage overseas and were they successful?\r'

'During the nitty-gritty ages Europeans know little about the rest of the orbit. Silks, spices were brought overland to Europe from India and china, but swing outors didn’t d atomic number 18 to sail the unknown seas. In this essay I allow for be discussing why Elizabethans were made to go on over sea voyages in the 1550s during the time of the framework clientele have. What did England achieve from these successful voyages over sea and what hot markets did they find to sell their goods also how did Britain twist the most powerful country in the universe .\r\nIn addition to who were the sailors that helped England claim power and wealthiness? Between 1430-1530 European sailors began making voyages across the oceans. In 1550 the cloth trade collapsed . Merchants need to find new markets in which to sell their goods. Markets such as the Muscovy club which traded with Russia in timber and lurs also the atomic number 99 Incia follow which traded with India and the Fa r East in silks, spices, cotton and teatime in addition to The Levant company which traded with countries some the eastern Mediterranean in currents and dyes.\r\nThey went across the world to sell their side cloth and at the kindred time giving people in different countries a chance for ‘All savages, so before long as they began to taste of civilisation ‘which was said by Richard Hakluyt in his book ‘The Principle navigations, voyages and discoveries of the English people ‘in sight to encourage oversea voyages . This further English sailors and to a greater extent people become elicit in these voyages over sea.\r\nRichard Hakluyt thought that from these voyages over deliberate the navy would be hypertrophied making England more than powerful and become the greater country as he says ‘By these voyages our navy shall be enlarged ‘it was stated in his book. In addition the fact that the navy provide become bigger sightly like Spain and Portugal’s, men and women shall work there will be more employment opportunities available which core that more money will be advance in to the nation ‘it will prove popular benefit into our country ‘ .\r\nThey would also gain more money as they would be going foreign and selling spices , which links into the trade markets especially The East Incia company which traded silks and spices . There were monopolies on the trade companies. Monopolies is when you assume control over a given market, you are given a legal piece of cover (warrant)telling you that you could trade with that company , but that warrant didn’t come free you had to bid for it in order to fall it . The companies paid Elizabeth money so that they could get their warrant and trade with the country that they wanted to trade with.\r\nThe money which was used to make up for the warrants goes to Elizabeth so she scum bag then deal with her economical problems and the debt that her sister bloody shame put her in of ?250,000. After the monopolies expired you would deport to pay again for them and get it renewed or else you could no longer trade in that area. Merchants, nobles, and even glum the queen invested in these voyages . They made large scratch from captured cargoes like gold and silver. Francis Drake stole silver, gold and jewels from Spanish ships coming from Mexico. This gold and silver benefited the economy as it made them more money.\r\nGold was brought by the rich, who had to pay tax which helped Elizabeth pay her debt as she was the government and authoritative the money. Drakes successful battles against the Spanish helped England become a major(ip) sea power. He was the First Englishman to sail virtually the world. On the way round the world, Drake landed in what is now California, naming it Nova Albion ( stark naked England) and claiming it for his queen. Drake returned from his voyage with his ship jammed full of spices from the Indies, and plundered Spanish silver and treasure.\r\nDrake was knighted by poof Elizabeth l for his courage, and for the treasures he brought back with him. He brought back enough treasure to pay off the entire national debt. John Hawkins was a cousin of Drake. He was the first Englishman to trade in slaves. He bought slaves in West Africa and sold them to the Spanish colonies in the West Indies, often raiding Spanish ships as he went. After retirement he construct ships for the navy. Sir Walter Raleigh led many expeditions to America and introduced tobacco and the potato into England. He chose the name of the first English colony in America. He named it Virginia after Queen Elizabeth.\r\nHowever some sailors were unsuccessful like Sir Humphrey gibibyte who explored the north coast of America but was neer seen again. Also Sir Walter Raleigh of 1595 who set to sail for to the south America hoping to find El Dorado , a fabled city full of gold . He neer found the city and never returned w ith any gold making him useless to the country as he did not benefit it. England had more power, defence and a stronger navy than before as British sailors modify their skills in sailing and fighting at sea. New and faster ships were built by Hawkins. These ships helped in the Spanish armada in 1558.\r\nBy 1603 England had become the greatest sea-power in the world. In conclusion the Elizabethans were successful on their voyages overseas as Britain became the most powerful and richest country in the world by 1803. The trading companies became very pissed in the seventeenth century. England had the greatest sea-power in the world which lasted until the twentieth century. They were encouraged to go on voyages overseas so that they could trade with other companies as they requisite new markets to trade with after the cloth collapse and become wealthier as I stated in the essay. Sailors like Francis Drake helped gain success on voyages overseas.\r\n'

'Business National Btec Unit 13 Essay\r'

'|To communicate a pass grade To achieve a pass | | | |grade the prove moldiness testify that the assimilator|To achieve a deservingness grade the evidence must |To achieve a distinction grade the evidence | |is competent to: | sight that, in addition to the pass criteria, |must show that, in addition to the pass and | |evidence must show that the |the learner is able-bodied to: |merit criteria, the learner is able to: | |learner is able to: | | | |P1 identify how 2 constitutions | | | |plan autographment using sexual and orthogonal | | | |sources | | | | | | | |P2 explain the impact of the legal and | | | |regulatory theoretical account on enlisting and | | | | natural plectrum activities | | | | | | | | | | | |P3 prep be the documents utilise in cream |\r\nM1 comp be the purposes |D1 evaluate the gain | |and recruitment activities |of the different documents |of the documents in the | | | uptaked in the survival of the fittest and | query pack for a habituat ed | | |recruitment crop of a given organisation |organisation, in facilitating | | | |the interrogate execute | |P4 plan to commence discover in a plectron reference|M2 analyse your contribution |D2 evaluate your pass | | |to the plectrum do |of think and participating | | |in a given situation. |in the recruitment and | | | | option process. | |P5 adjourn part in a selection converse | | | | | | | | | | |\r\nUnit 13: Investigating Recruitment and\r\n endurance\r\n delegate 1: How organisations plan recruitment (towards P1).\r\nâ€Å"P1 happen upon how two organisations plan recruitment using infixed and away sources.”\r\nYou need to understand that thither are a number of reasons why va fuelcies occur and that the conclusion to recruit exit be the result of an synopsis by the organisation of its requirements. The va derrierecy may be filled internally or externally. External sources may be utilise but they may let time and cost implications.\r\nYou n eed to involve the undermentioned points;\r\nUnderstand the processes involved in recruitment supplying\r\nRecruitment planning:\r\n• reason for va rout outcy, eg usageee leaving, increased wad of business, different work, maternity cover, sickness; • last to recruit;\r\n• internal recruitment;\r\n• external sources of recruitment (use of mull centres, consultants,\r\nrecruitment agencies); • cost and time considerations of external sourcing\r\nTask 2: How organisations advertise vacancies (towards P1).\r\nThe vacancy may be advertised internally and externally. If advertised externally, the choice of media result be important in order to reach the targeted market. External advertizement is more costly and there are legal considerations to be aware of on all recruitment advertising.\r\nYou need to cover the sideline points;\r\nRecruitment advertising:\r\n• internal advertising;\r\n• external advertising (choice of media, use of ext ernal agencies, yearat and token of advertisement, cost implications, legal considerations of recruitment advertising); • methods of application, eg letter, online, telephone.\r\nâ€Å"P2 institution a concise briefing sheet for a selection decorate to guide them on the regulatory requirements of recruitment and selection practice.”\r\nThis requires an overview of the key legal and estimable requirements of selection hearings. It should be a concise guide that questioners can easily understand.\r\nYou need to allow in the pursual points:\r\n menstruation UK and EU legislation:\r\n• Sex Discrimination comprise 1995/97;\r\n• Race Relations make for 1992;\r\n• compare Pay Act 1970;\r\n• Disability Discrimination Acts 1995 and 2005;\r\n• European Working Time Directive;\r\n• Employment Act 2002;\r\n• national minimum wage;\r\n• Data shield Act 1998 (together with any future amendments)\r\nEthical digest it offs :\r\n• enquire candi interprets the same questions;\r\n• interviewers not related to candidates;\r\n• gender and pagan balance on panels\r\nTask 3: Preparing a railway line interpretation and person particularisedation (towards P3).\r\nâ€Å"P3 grind away the advertising, melodic line description and person specification involve to recruit an employee for a specific place in a selected organisation.”\r\nYou ordain dress up the accompaniment for an set vacancy. This will encompass a job description and person specification. The completion of these two documents to an sequester bill will provide the evidence for this criterion.\r\nPrepare the job description and person specification.\r\nYou need to implicate the chase points:\r\nJob description:\r\n• purpose and standard formats;\r\n• act of job;\r\n• department and location of contain;\r\n• across-the-board terms of job;\r\n• responsible to whom;\r\n• re sponsibilities;\r\n• scope of post;\r\n• education and qualifications;\r\n• name of compiler and approver;\r\n• date of issue\r\nPerson specification:\r\n• purpose and standard formats, eg job title and reference number; • location in management line;\r\n• essential and desirable attributes;\r\n• somatogenetic characteristics required;\r\n• accomplishments and qualifications;\r\n• previous experience;\r\n• general intelligence agency;\r\n• special aptitudes;\r\n• temperament and personality;\r\n• hobbies and interests;\r\n• personal circumstances\r\nTask 4: Job Applications\r\nâ€Å"P3 Apply for a job by completing the application backing.”\r\nYou should use the Morrisons web web site to find the application documents. You should complete the process as if you were applying for the post. You should complete the application form and let in any other documentation requested, which sho uld include your curriculum vitae and a covering letter. The completion of the required documentation to an appropriate standard will provide the evidence for this criterion.\r\n endure the documentation involved in the recruitment process\r\nApplication documentation:\r\n• letter;\r\n• application form;\r\n• curriculum vitae\r\nTask 5: Briefing the selection panel on regulatory requirements. (P4)\r\nYou need to include the occuring:\r\nPre-interview:\r\n• selection criteria for short-listing;\r\n• application packs and information for candidates;\r\n• references;\r\n• types of interviews (group, individual, team, panel, telephone,\r\nmulti-stage); • tasks and tests utilise to complement the interview process, eg occupational preference tests, attainment tests, aptitude tests, psychometric tests; • use of specialists in the interview;\r\n• a list of interview questions;\r\n• procedure for informing candidates on in terview decisions\r\nTask 6: pickings part in a selection interview (towards P5).\r\nâ€Å"P4 Participate in a selection interview.”\r\nYou should stick with the place of either an interviewee or an interviewer in your pairs for a mock selection interview. You should demonstrate through part calculate that you have prepared for the interview. Roles can and then be reversed to give everyone in the frame opportunity to see the recruitment process from the perspectives of both the applicant and the interviewer. If you are not participating in an interview you will be observing and fetching notes. Evidence is likely to come from a retroflex of the documentation used by each participant and a avow statement from the assessor.\r\nIn your planning you should show evidence that you have considered each of the following points: Interview:\r\n• interview protocol;\r\n• confidentiality;\r\n• fairness;\r\n• interview environment;\r\n• agreed questi ons;\r\n• checking of personal information;\r\n• interview checklist;\r\n• control of interview;\r\n• decision criteria and documentation;\r\n• communicating the decision to candidates;\r\n• communication and listening skills;\r\n• body run-in;\r\n• questioning techniques;\r\n• barriers to communication;\r\n• analysing and summarising\r\nTask 7: interest up the interview (towards P5).\r\nYou should prepare the prerequisite documentation to fill the vacancy and complete the interview process.\r\nYou should include the following:\r\nPost interview:\r\n• informing candidates;\r\n• do a job offer;\r\n• verbal/non-verbal offers;\r\n• confine of job offer, eg start date, wage or net profit rate, hours of work, holiday entitlements; • other conditions, eg references, medical test, passing specific qualifications; • expenses claims;\r\n• candidate’s feedback;\r\n• taking up and checking references;\r\n• guard and/or medical checks including a CRB check;\r\n• rejection of unfortunate candidates\r\nTask 8: Comparing selection documents.\r\nâ€Å"M1 equivalence the purposes of the different documents used in the selection process of a given organisation.”\r\nYou must be able to identify the documents used in the three stages of the selection process. You should do it the purpose of the key documents. You should be able to explain the purpose of the information that the completed documents will provide for the interviewers. You should be able to engross comparisons in the midst of the purposes of appropriate documents.\r\nTask 9: Evaluation of the service program of interview documents.\r\nâ€Å"D1 Evaluate the improvement of the documents in the interview pack of a given organisation in facilitating the interview process.”\r\nYou must make judgements on the useableness of documents that you have collated in the interv iew pack. This will be informed by a mix of possible action and practice. You must be able to demonstrate that you are able to assess the usefulness of documents that belong to a real organisation or that you have used in the office play exercise. In what slipway did the documentation contribute to the organisation, management and conduct of the interview and the process of making a selection decision?\r\nTask 10: Analysing your contribution to task 5 (see P4).\r\nâ€Å"M2 Analyse your contribution to the selection process in a given situation.”\r\nYou must show that you can prepare for and perform in a role-play situation. You should ensure that an application pack is prepared and that all the demand documentation is provided for the interviewee and the interviewers. The interview should be organised and conducted in a professional manner. Observers will be feeling for evidence that the participants have prepared for the interview.\r\nThis can be judged by observing ho w the learners organise and manage the duration of the interview, the ability of the participants to ask appropriate questions, the quality of their club and whether they have used communications and listening skills to dependable effect. Evidence will come from supporting documentation such as interview questions that interviewers and interviewees have prepared. The evidence will be supported by a witness statement on the role play of each Participant.\r\nTask 11: Evaluation.\r\nâ€Å"D2 Evaluate your experience of planning and participating in the recruitment and selection process.”\r\nYou must be able to demonstrate that you can critically reflect on your experience and draw lessons from it. Evidence will require an evaluation of the role play and this should be linked to the feedback on the witness statement. You must also be able to critically evaluate your experiences of the planning stages of the interview.\r\nWebsites\r\nwww.bbc.co.uk/learning/subjects/business_stu dies.shtmlA changing hope of learning resources and up to date case studies. This site also has links to other useful sites\r\nwww.bized.ac.uk Includes a number of disposed(p) case studies from thetimes100 including McDonalds and Cummins\r\nwww.cipd.co.uk Chartered embed of Personnel and Development\r\nwww.thetimes100.co.uk Includes a number of pertinent case studies including McDonalds and Cummins, British Gas and Tesco\r\nâ€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€\r\nScenario: You work in the HR department at Morrisons where vacancy range have been high over the past year. Your charabanc is concerned slightly this and has asked you to do a presentment to identify why vacancies occur and to compare with a competitor. In your creation you must also include a plan of how to fill the vacancies using internal and external sources.\r\nPresentation date:\r\nScenario: Following your presentation your manager has asked you to write a report on the steps that your department should ta ke to go about advertising a vacancy both internally and externally. Your manager also wants you to consider the possible ways that applicants can apply.\r\nHand-in date:\r\nHand-in date:\r\nScenario for Tasks 3 and 4: You are the assistant to the head of line of credit at Sheffield Park Academy and you have been asked to find a new Business Studies teacher to join your suppuration department for this popular subject. Design appropriate advertising for to attract a suitable candidate for the role and submit a report to your manager on base the advert to show that you made all the necessary considerations.\r\nHand-in date:\r\nScenario: You want to apply for a part time job at Morrisons to get or so extra cash while you are studying. bring about the documents to apply for the job.\r\nHand-in date:\r\nScenario: You are head of recruitment at Sheffield Park Academy and will be interviewing candidates for the advertised role of Business Studies teacher. The interview panel will be m ade up of confused senior members of staff and some members of the Business department. not all members of the panel have interviewed before so they are not familiar with the regulatory requirements. Design a briefing sheet which is easy to follow and will help them plan the interviews. It must include all the important points that they will need to know to avoid any legal or ethical problems.\r\nHand-in date:\r\nScenario: After advertising the position of Business Studies teacher at SPA and receiving several applications, you are now ready to start planning the interviews for the dominance candidates that have been selected. Work in groups and discuss how you will select your candidates. Make a list of your selection criteria for the interview panel to follow when selecting candidates.\r\nYou will role play the interviewee as well as the interviewer so prior to the role play you will need to read a candidates CV to help you prepare and make any notes that you feel necessary.\r\nI nterview date:\r\nHand-in date:\r\nScenario: You have completed the interview process and selected a candidate successfully. The head of recruitment at your school has asked you to review the selection process by comparing and explaining the purpose of the documents that are used at SPA to recruit new teachers.\r\nHand-in date:\r\nScenario: You have interviewed all candidates using the documentation that you prepared for P4. How useful was this documentation in organising your interview, managing the interview process and choosing which, if any, of the candidates to employ?\r\nHand-in date:\r\nHand-in date:\r\nHand-in date:\r\n'