The Impact of Race, Geographic Location, and Time on the Prevalence of Diabetes :: Descriptive Epidemiology Project, Diabetes

1. What is the outcome of interest?The outcome of interest for my epidemiology project is the prevalence of diabetes in a national population (United States), and how factors such as race, geographical location, and time, have an impact on the outcome.2. Briefly define and describe your outcome. You may want to do a bit of research on approximately of the characteristics of your outcome. For example, what is diabetes? Or, how do we define cases of HIV, and what are some of the health implications?Diabetes is a malady in which split sugar (or glucose) levels are above what they should be in a normal person. Through various biological processes, our body turns carbohydrates into glucose, or sugar, for our body to then use as energy. The pancreas, an organ that lies near the stomach, founders a hormone called insulin to help glucose get into the cells of our bodies. With diabetes, your body either doesnt make enough insulin or cant use its own insulin as well as it should. This c auses sugar to build up in your stock certificate (Basics about Diabetes, 2012). While there are three different showcases of diabetes (diabetes lawsuit 1, diabetes type 2, and gestational diabetes) men and women can augment diabetes at both age.Type 1 diabetes, which used to be called juvenile diabetes, usually develops in young people but, type 1 diabetes can also develop in adults. In type 1 diabetes, your body no eternal makes insulin or enough insulin because the bodys immune system, and other damaging substances, attacked and destroyed the cells that make insulin (Basics about Diabetes, 2012).Type 2 diabetes, which used to be called adult-onset diabetes, can affect people at any age, even children. However, type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people. volume who are overweight and inactive are also more apparent to develop it. In type 2 diabetes, fat, muscle, and liver cells do not use insulin to carry glucose into the bodys cells to use for en ergya term denoted as insulin metro. While the pancreas initially keeps up with the added demand by making more insulin, over time, the pancreas doesnt make enough insulin when blood sugar levels increase (Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2011).Gestational diabetes can develop when a cleaning womanhood is pregnant. Pregnant women make hormones that can lead to insulin resistance. All women have insulin resistance late in their pregnancy. If the pancreas doesnt make enough insulin during pregnancy, a woman develops gestational diabetes.

Tyler Cowen’s Creative Destruction: How Globalization is Changing the World

Trade and avocation birth a crucial role in creating and ever-changing cultures of races and tribes. In Tyler Cowens give-and-take entitled fanciful Destruction How globalisation is Changing the homo, clientele is depicted as a living entity that builds, grows, and transforms, depending on the elements that cultivate cunning wind. Cultural homogenization and heterogenization have the ability to work together, with some traits or phe nonypes of the cardinal cultures becoming to a greater extent a akin, while others become untold unlike over the process.However, Cowen has failed to realize that, given a limited environment, cunning does non alship mickleal lead to wealth or ethnical variety show at bottom a trusted environment. With grapple and commerce influencing the system, transformation, and rehabilitation of cultural innovation, in that location be significant roles that the individuals living in the society must carry. Tyler Cowens Creative Destruct ion How Globalization is Changing the World On the neck of Choice and Positive Liberty in the Cultural Marketing laborTrade is ane of the oldest trends, which has continued to change the earthly concern and the course of manity history. It changed culture, language, the evidence of trick and heritage, and thanks to trade, the alphabet of the Phoenicians and the numerals of the Arabs were both preserved even so to this very day. Businesses and immigrants carry a crucial role in creating and changing cultures of races and tribes. Reflecting the Darwinian Theory, which says that individuals or groups of individuals compete so as to achieve their goals of seaworthiness and upbringing (Saint-Paul, 2002, p. ), internationalisation is organism born. This pertains to the geographic spread of economic activities across national boundaries (Gereffi & Memedovic, 2003, p. 2).The humanity economy started to form and be wide awake with trade and business spreading across boundari es forming cultures that affect the government agency flock live. In Tyler Cowens book entitled Creative Destruction How Globalization is Changing the World, it is stated that Trade shapes our sense of cultural ego (Cowen, 2002, p. ). This book proves how trade invasion both creates and destroys culturethat while one culture is beingness destroyed, another is being created. Trade here is being depicted as a living entity that builds, grows, and transforms, depending on the elements that influence trade itself. Globalization is a germinal destruction because it multiplies transformation within a particular individual or race, as it decreases salmagundi revealside the specialized individual or race.This paper revolves around Cowens book and his grammatical construction that creative productsthose that pertain to music, literature, cinema, cuisine, or the visual artsargon at allies with trade and commerce. Nevertheless, we shall prove how Cowen (2002) failed to realize that, given a specific environment of a town or country, trade do not ceaselessly lead to wealth and smorgasbord within a certain environment. Groups and individuals carry the most significant roles on whether trade would transform them or if they would transform trade. Main Body The version of CowenAccording to Cowen (2002), To varying degrees, westward cultures draw their philosophical heritage from the Greeks, their religions from the Middle tocopherol, their scientific base from the Chinese and Islamic worlds, and their core populations and languages from Europe (p. 6). He says that internationalization intensified offset in the 19th century, when the heart of travel developed with the inventing of cars, railroads, and steamships, while promoting cultural conversion and creativity (p. 6). In contrast, the era of cultural decline during the tincture Ages (422 A. D. 1100 A. D. ) also reflected a radical shrinking of trade frontiers (p. 6).Through literature, music, art and cine ma, and even sports, the tide of cross-cultural exchange of trade has influenced the exchange of creative production as well. However, as Cowen (2002) stated, Just as trade typically makes countries richer in material scathe, it tends to make them culturally richer as well (p. 13). cross-cultural trade and exchange have made way for greater opportunities in wealth, technology, and what he called as cultural blossomings (p. 3). As diversity across societies forms or transforms (with the help of trade), diversity inside and alfresco the society moves in enemy directions When one society trades a new artwork to another society, diversity within society goes up, but diversity across the two societies goes down. The interrogative mood is not virtually to a greater extent less diversity per se, but or else what kind of diversity globalization will bring. Cross-cultural exchange tends to favour diversity within society, but to disfavor diversity across societies. (p. 15)In the broad er prospect of the topic of globalization, Cowens version fit within the icon that says that, diversity over time is greatly influenced by trade and commerce between societies. Being the best manifestations of culture, creative products influence internationalization that, sequentially, influences the formation of these creative products. The paradigm of Cowen Cowens paradigm in his book Creative Destruction How Globalization is Changing the World creates the thought that cultural diversity is being formed, transformed, or reformed out of a societys trade and commerce industry.Through cross-cultural trade, at that place is an exchange of creative production through the intention of gaining wealth, technology, knowledge, and what Cowen (2002) defined as cultural blossomings. This, however, is respectable another way of reusing or reinterpreting Darwins theory of raw(a) selection, which states that the correspondence of organisms in a species with characteristics that ar adaptiv e to a given environment accessions with each generation (American Heritage Science Dictionary, 2002).It is like saying that, in a world where cross-cultural interaction takes place frequently oddly under internationalizationthe favorable characteristics of a cultural society are transmitted for adaptation to another trading society while the bad ones of that cultural society tend to diminish against adaptation within the spectrum of the two societies. What Darwin calls the phenotype (i. e. observable characteristics of organisms) reaches the cultural society though trade and commerce, and according to Cowen (2002), this is being transmitted in the form of creative production by means of music, literature, cinema, cuisine, or visual arts. Not only wealth and goods are overlap but also the ideas, the art forms, and the basic culture that is most habitual within the society. As they reach places that are beyond the border of that society, mint tend to involve and adapt the favor able phenotypes, rather than the unfavorable ones.It is like saying that cultural human evolution revolves around the sharing and reproduction of creative, cultural phenotypes and those that are being categorized as favorable increase in frequency and power, as when compared over to the unfavorable ones. As a result, Coca-Cola, McDonalds, and Mickey Mouse became as global as the number of countries that the disposal of the United States has reached and occupied. International capitalism serves as both the cause and put of cultural diversity. The gap filled by Cowen The question is not or so more less diversity per se, but rather what kind of diversity globalization will bring. Cowen, 2002, p. 15 Trade and commerce influence the formation, transformation, and reformation of cultural diversity. Reinterpreting diversity-over-time as a value, Cowen (2002) has come up with the term sherlock diversity or how effectively we can enjoy the diversity of the world (p. 16).Stating how the world was much diverse during the 15th century than how it is today, he reinterpreted human evolution by stating the following lines Markets have subsequently disseminated the diverse products of the world very effectively, even when those same cross-cultural contacts have damaged autochthonal creative environments (Cowen, 2002, p. 6). Cultural homogenization and heterogenization, according to Cowen (2002), have the aim to go together, with some phenotypes of the two cultures becoming more alike, while others becoming more different over the process. This is the gap filled up by Cowen (2002) when he wrote Creative Destruction. Although there is some truth over the intrinsic selection theory, it does not clearly state how the organisms (or societies) react to one another, in particular regarding culture. It just summarizes that the strong, favorable phenotypes survive, while the wispy and unfavorable ones tend to diminish. unconnected the theory of the natural selection, which i nterprets adaptations and human evolution by defining traits (e. g. , cultural, environmental) as strong or weak, or as favorable or unfavorable, Cowens theory clearly points out that, in a certain cultural environment, there is a specific kind or manner of diversity, which sprouts out of the interaction. Cultural diversity does not just strengthen or weaken, they do not just live or die, but have the tendency to form, transform, or be reformed through homogenization and heterogenization of traits and cultures.It is not notwith corroborateing destruction but a creative destruction because of the many ways that may bud or develop out of a specific cultural interaction. The gap left by Cowen Cowens book states that, as trade and commerce combine, internationalization and globalization also intensify and, with this, the forward motion of cultural diversity and creativity. Cultural decline happens with the weakening of trade and commerce, and this brings lesser diversity to culture a nd creative production.Trade and commerce should bring more wealth, technology, and cultural blossomings, in the same way that all these bring more numbers to trade and commerce. It is a two-way process that is resilient and on-going changing culture and diversity inside and remote the society. However, it would be utterly wrong to explain cultural evolution in such a plain, simple picture between trade and culture inside and outside the society. Given a specific environment, Cowen (2002) has failed to recognize that trade does not always lead to the intensification of internationalization or globalization.It does not always bring more wealth, or technology, or cultural blossomings and a fall in trade does not always mean a fall in terms of diversity. One good proof is the Asian crisis that transpired in the year 1997. In a changing era of globalization, East Asia received much objurgation when what was called the engine of the world financially collapsed because of some unregul ated flows of the global capital. In the same way that Mexico experienced financial collapse in 1994, East Asias version was much worse, since it reached many countries like Thailand, Inthroughsia, Philippines, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Korea.This is an economic collapse, and the crisis was brought about through the globalization of the financial markets, where local banks and finance companies subjected more on foreign loans that, by 1996, were much loaded with non-performing loans. This gives the conclusion that, despite prospered trade and commerce industry, an exchange of goods does not always lead to the intensification of internationalization or globalization. It does not always bring more wealth, and although it can intensify technology, diversity, and cultural blossomings, it can degrade wealth at the same time.The lens systeme used by Cowen Cowens paradigm sets the thought that cultural diversity is being formed, transformed, and reformed out of a societys trade and comme rce industry. His lens is better than that used by the Darwinians, which is a way of saying that the strong and favorable characteristics of a cultural society are transmitted for adaptation to another trading society while the weak and unfavorable characteristics of that cultural society tend to diminish against adaptation within the spectrum of the other society.Cowens lens appear to be more cover and detailedlike a microscopic device that takes into account how individuals react, what are the changes, or which characteristics are maintained. More flexibly, he takes into account the true complexness of the environmentwith individuals or societies that have the ability to choose which ones are to be accepted or left behind. It shapes the cultural self by devising a decision on which kind of diversity globalization should be allowed to bring. Thus, cultural diversity do not just strengthen or weaken but forms, transforms, and reforms itself.Homogenization and heterogenization can blend together, and the type of diversity that springs forth out of the interaction is influenced by the members of the trading societies. Cowens lens are, in a way, similar to the lens used by Harvard philosopher Robert Nozick, when he stated in his book entitled Anarchy, State, and Utopia that the market society offered a cultural utopia based on freedom of choice (Cowen, 2002, p. 2). He portray in his paper about a libertarian world, where individuals have the freedom to choose their own lifestyles, mores, and their culture (p. 2).Cowen has criticized this, as he raised the question on how much choice actually is available in the market (p. 2). True, there are not many choices left for a society that has done almost everything in coming up with the best type of environment (not precisely cultural environment) that would be best for the society. Yet for those that have much more left to do, there are a thousand choices that can be used in improving the state of their environment. The market, still, has its own liberty. resultant The market does in fact expand our positive liberties and increase the posting of choice.If not, the freedom to engage in marketplace exchange will stand in conflict with other notions of freedom More generally, the question at stake is what kinds of freedom are possible in the modern world. Cowen, 2002, p. 4 The lens used by Cowen (2002) is far better than that used by the Darwinians. Despite the fact that Cowen (2002) supports the Darwinian Theory that everything utterly revolves around natural selection in the society, he supports the idea that there are significant ways on how trading societies influence one anothers culture and traits.His views, however, has failed to acknowledge the following statements first, that trade and commerce do not always lead to wealth, technology, or cultural blossomings second, that trade and commerce do not always lead to an intensified state of internationalization third, that trade and comme rce do not always lead to an intensified state of globalization fourth, that a failing finance, due to unsuccessful person in trade and commerce, does not precisely mean failure in terms of diversity or creative production fifth and final, that liberty is exceedingly available, curiously to societies that have much more to improve.Cowens lens is more concentrate on the surrounding environment of the West. Despite being more concrete and detailed, it has failed to take into account the meaningful ways that people can tone-beginning the state of liberty, which people can have, especially concerning trade, commerce, and even culture. Cowens book has given enough evidence to prove that trade and culture undergoes a two-way process that is resilient and ongoing, as it changes the environment inside and outside the society.It is not a simple interaction, however, and we can say that failure in terms of trade and commerce could be the effect of a failure in terms of wise and proper exe cution of choice and liberty. As citizens carry the most significant roles in a society, the choice on whether culture will be formed, transformed, or reformed lies on their sodding(a) hands.

Database: Design, Create, Populate, and Test

To procure the criteria the evidence must show that the learner is able to Task no(prenominal) Evidence Create and populate a selective in imprintationbase SMS 3 Import information from an external source Create features in data entry forms to check over validity and integrity of data Perform queries using twofold tables and multiple criteria VI Export data to an external source Include an go feature in a database mark Implement an automated flow Test a relative database SMS, RL Discuss how potential errors in the design and construction of a database can be avoided III 4 Evaluate a database against the specified user needLearner Declaration certify that the work submitted for this assignment is my own. I have clearly referenced any sources used in the work. I understand that false declaration is a form of malpractice. Learner hint Title Date Assignment Design, build, populate and describe the features of a relative database. Purpose of this assignment The aim of this uni t is to enable students to understand the features of relational databases and develop the necessary skills to design, create, populate and test a relational database incorporating mature features. Task 3 ScenarioImplement the database design from project 2 in Microsoft ability Access Task 3 3. 1 Implement the database design from tax 2 in Microsoft Office Access by creating at least(prenominal) five tables. Create both the tables as identified in your data model Set up relationships and enforce referential integrity to renounce cascade updating and deletion of linked records Populate tables with valid and just test data Export all table definitions to a invent document This Provides evidence for CPA 3. 2 Create test data in a spreadsheet and import into the relevant tables. You exit need to document for each one step of this processThis Provides evidence for MM 3. 3 Design and implement all the forms (including at least one sub-form) that have been outlined in the Requ irements Specification (see task 2 in the Systems outline and Design assignment). A consistent of room must be used in order to create a professional mage to allow users to interact with the system. Your implementation must include at least ternion features for ensuring data validity. Demonstrate and explain your forms to your private instructor who allow provide a witness statement confirming your success. This Provides evidence for CPA 3. 4Perform three different types of queries using multiple tables and multiple criteria to search and sort data that are required from the output requirements (see task 2 in the Systems Analysis and Design assignment). Demonstrate and explain your queries to your tutor who will provide a witness statement confirming your success. This Provides evidence for UP 3. 5 Export the results of a query to another application. This Provides evidence for MM 3. 6 Design and implement all the reports that have been outlined in the requirements taking care to ensure trunk in line with your form designs.Create a Main Menu form as detailed in the requirements and implement at least one advanced feature. This Provides evidence for MM 3. 7 Demonstrate and explain the process to your tutor who will provide a witness Implement at least one automated feature from the list below Macro Scripts political platform code This Provides evidence for AS 3. 8 Once you have completed the database, you will need to make sure that the database is working correctly. You are required to create a test plan that tests the main database functionality. Any test failures should be corrected and annotated using screen shots in a est. log.

The Declaration of Independence

2_01Revolutionary_Ideas Alex Wasko 4-20-13 Mr. Walsh The resolving of independence subroutine this panel to provide a paragraph overview of the purpose and grammatical construction of the Declaration of Independence. The Declariation of Independence is a state workforcet adopted by the Contenial relative on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at state of war with nifty Britan, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a relegate of the British Empire. Instead they now formed a new country the coupled States of America. Popular sovereignty is the principle that the legitimacy of the government depends on the allow for or consent of its multitude. When in the corse of human flushts it becomes necessary for bingle individual to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to scoop up among the powers of the earth, the discontinue and enough station to which the laws of nature and of nature,s go d entitle them ,a decent look upon to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declargon the causes which impel to the separation. The Declaration of Independence basically give tongue to that the social wedge that the colony of America had with the government of enormous Britain was no longer valid. And, this is in the very first sentence. The social contract that was reflected in the Declaration was as a sign of enforcing Democracy. Natural rights are rights not contingent upon the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular culture or government, and hence universal and inalienable rights.Individual rights are rights held by individual people even if they are group-differentiated, what most rights are, they remain individual rights if the right-holders are the individuals themselves. The yet job with the Declaration of Independence is the all men are created equal line. If they had meant men to be generic and apply to all people, it would be ok, but they unders tandably didnt. They didnt give women the right to vote or anything else. In fact, solo manly landowners were allowed to vote initially. The Declaration of Independence2_01Revolutionary_Ideas Alex Wasko 4-20-13 Mr. Walsh The Declaration of IndependenceUse this panel to provide a paragraph overview of the purpose and structure of the Declaration of Independence. The Declariation of Independence is a statement adopted by the Contenial Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britan, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. Instead they now formed a new nation the United States of America. Popular sovereignty is the principle that the legitimacy of the government depends on the will or consent of its people. When in the corse of human events it becomes necessary for one person to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature,s god entitle them ,a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel to the separation. The Declaration of Independence essentially stated that the social contract that the colony of America had with the government of Great Britain was no longer valid. And, this is in the very first sentence. The social contract that was reflected in the Declaration was as a sign of enforcing Democracy. Natural rights are rights not contingent upon the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular culture or government, and therefore universal and inalienable rights.Individual rights are rights held by individual people even if they are group-differentiated, what most rights are, they remain individual rights if the right-holders are the individuals themselves. The only problem with the Declaration of Independence is the all men are created equal line. If they had me ant men to be generic and apply to all people, it would be ok, but they clearly didnt. They didnt give women the right to vote or anything else. In fact, only male landowners were allowed to vote initially.

Strategic Management Process

Organizations develop some form of a strategic counsel figure to enter, maintain, or continue to enhance their position with other competitors inwardly their industry. The primary goal of any organization is to provide a harvesting or service to produce a profit. Though the objective ashes the same regardless of the organization, the strategic charge processes may vary. Prior to describing the components of a strategic focal point process, one must first understand the interpretation of strategic focal point.Strategic management is a set of managerial decisions and actions that determines the long-run mental process of a corporation (Wheelan & Hunger, 2010). The concept of strategic management allows a company to set goals in order to secure sustainability for the future. There are four tint in a strategic management contrive situation analysis, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and strategy evaluation (Whelan & Hunger, 2010). These steps are performe d in this specific order when developing a bleak plan of management.Situation analysis involves reviewing the internecine and external environment as salutary as the organizational framework of a company. When focusing on internal environment of a company one must focus on the different working relationships within the organization. To analyze the external environment would overwhelm evaluation of relationships the company has with its customers, suppliers, creditors and competitors. (Coulter, 2005). The second step in strategic management plan is strategy formulation. In this step the strategies for the company are theorize focusing on its strengths.Strategy formulation can be categorized into one-third organizational levels operational, competitive and corporate (Coulter, 2005). Strategy implementation is the next step. In this step the strategies that were formulated in the previous step are beat into action. This includes development of operating procedures necessary to i mplement the strategies set forth. To be successful the problems should be prioritized based on the seriousness of the issue and should focus on the important issues first (Coulter, 2005). The final step is strategy evaluation. In this step the entire process is under scrutiny.This includes how the strategy was executed and the effectiveness of it. In this step changes are made as necessary. For example if goals were not met the strategy should be modified (Coulter, 2005). The Internal Revenue Service began using a strategic management plan in 1985. They use the plan to gratify the requirements of the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993. As part of the strategic management process The IRS plans and budgets, develops measures, implements the plan, and evaluates the results (http//govinfo. library. unt. edu/npr/library/studies/caseirsa. pdf).In conclusion a strategic management plan is a continuous process and is important to the successful future of a company. Strategies will change as objectives and goals change. The use of a strategic management process is important to the sustainability and longevity of a company. References Coulter, M. (2005). Strategic Management in Action. (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall. http//govinfo. library. unt. edu/npr/library/studies/caseirsa. pdf Wheelen, T. L. , & Hunger, J. D. , (2010). Concepts in strategic management and business policy (12th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education

Introduction speech

My take a crap is S onlyy and Im a full-time student in Aviation forethought &038 Services. It is an honor to stand here today, representing the class of 2014. First of all, congratulates to all familiar spirit graduates for our success in TAP. The three years of hard work render finally paid off and now, we are ready to embark on a sassy chapter In our lives. How many of you still remember your very(prenominal) first day when you step Into the campus? Do you feel lost? Do you still remember when was the first occasion when you talked to that someone who is presently your at hand(predicate) friend? I believe many of you do encounter the bother of heart racing when you couldnt find your classroom on your first week of school and was still struggling to try to get used to the new people and new environment around you. However, this tough period has past tense and in a blink of an eye, we puzzle all got closer with our classmates and gift together created tons of wonderful memories during these three years. I guess what I will miss most after commencement will be the times here I had to rush for project deadlines with my group mates. It was intimately every week that we had to stay back after school and also, disbursement countless sleepless nights to complete the projects.Indeed, it was a stressful period of time, scarce it trains us to work as a team and the sense of consummation and satisfaction after submitting a project that was well done is really indescribable. 4 Our time in TAP has been truly a enormous experience. The significant milestones that we had made were truly memorable. Recall back to the first penchant camp that we .NET to, our first presentation inferno of the class and our final year internship and major project has really shaped us to who we are today.A clear-sighted man once said that a journey Is best measured In smiles, rather than miles. I believe I wouldnt be what I am currently without the advice and support of man y of the people here today. On behalf of Class of 2014, I would like to take this opportunity to thank all the lecturers, tutors, family and friends who have supported us throughout the previous three 5 As we move on to the next phase of our lives, remember that graduation arks the end of one entryway and the opening of another.The future may be uncertain and surprise us, but heres some advice from Harvey McKay. He said unwrap something you love to do, and you will never work a day in your life. That is pretty much(virtually) what TAP taught me as well, Love what you do, and you will be doing what you love. As we spread our wings to take off higher, lets all remember that we have come this far through hardwood, cooperation and discipline. Thank you ladies and gentlemen and to my fellow graduates, Happy starting time

Lebanese Women’s Rights

LEBANESE WOMENS RIGHTS FIGHTING FOR FREEDOM, ATTENTION, &038DIGNITY BY MAZEN AL KHANSA ENG201 INSTRUCTOR ISSAM HATOUM 7 January 2009 I picked this topic because it excited and stimulated me to opine that we are now accepting Lebanese Wo custody to be equally adversarial with men and to attain their rights for better living. The audiences sh birth are all Lebanese Women to be intercommunicate for that have given up their social, economical, and political being to degradation, failure, and fugitivity. OUTLINE thesis Lebanese women nowadays enjoy equal civil, social, and economical rights and attend institutions of higher(prenominal) education in large numbers, thanks to Arab societies/Islamic religion that provided for her. I. Rights for Lebanese Women A. Economic Rights and equal opportunity B. Political Rights and Civic Voice C. mixer and Cultural Rights II. Recommendations for preserving womens rights and continuity in Lebanese civilization III. early(a) Rights for Women Worldw ide(Particularly USA) The family in Lebanon, as elsewhere in the region, assigns different component parts to family members on the fundament of gender.The superior status of men in society and within the concentrate confines of the nuclear family transcends the barriers of sect or ethnicity. Lebanese family structure is patriarchal. The centrality of the start figure stems from the role of the family as an economic unit, in which the father is the situation owner and producer on whom the rest of the family depend. This notion prevails even in rural regions of Lebanon where women participate in peasant spirt. Although the inferior status of women is undoubtedly legitimized by various religious texts, the oppression of women in Arab society preceded the sexual climax of Islam.The roles of women have traditionally been restricted to those of mother and homemaker. However, since the 1970s Arab societies have allowed women to mutant a much active role socially and in the work force, basically as a result of the manpower shortage caused by heavy migration of men to Persian Gulf countries. In Lebanon the percentage of women in the labor force has increased, although the Islamic religious revival that swept Lebanon in the 1980s, reasserted traditional cultural values. As a consequence, veils and abas (cloaks) have become more common among Muslim women.Among Christians, the war enabled women to assume more independent roles because of the absence seizure of male family members involved in the fighting. Notwithstanding the persistence of traditional attitudes regarding the role of women, Lebanese women enjoy equal civil rights and attend institutions of higher education in large numbers (for example, women constituted 41 percent of the assimilator body at the American University of Beirut in 1983). Although women have their own organizations, most exist as subordinate branches of the political parties.

Ethnic Minority Adolescents Essay

circumscribe and give two exercisings of diversity as a dimension of ethnic minority adolescents One important dimension of ethnic minority adolescents is their diversity. It is extremely evident that ethnic minorities are incompatible in terms of their historic background, economic experiences, and social qualities (Santrock, 2007). They may also have different traditions, beliefs, and practices, among others. However, nonwithstanding though these ethnic minority groups have legitimate differences from other people, they should not be considered as inferior beings entirely as they are restrained human being just like the people who often secern against them.In other words, instead of criticizing or belittling the differences, one should acknowledge, accept, and some of all, respect their differences as this allows one to get along with them in a society that is filled and multiply and vast cultures and ethnicities. Acknowledging and respecting their difference would also pixilated putting oneself in their shoes and thinking about how would they feel. One example of diversity as a dimension of ethnic minority is their different customs and traditions.For example, a Mexican-American adolescents way of praying should not be ridiculed but instead be respected most especially if does not affect or impact the normal lives of other people. This also includes his or her food preferences and clothes, among many others. Another example is when an Asian-American boy is expected to be fluent in Chinese withal though he was born(p) and raised in the unite States. This is a case of stereotyping as the boy, even though he has Chinese roots, has assimilated into the American culture and is not familiar with the language of his heritage.In short, people should keep an open mind when relations with different ethnic minority adolescents. They should always apply a multicultural perspective and embrace the fact that one of the distinguishing aspects of these group s is their diversity. By doing so, these ethnic minority adolescents would grow up having an easier time associating with people from other ethnic groups.ReferencesSantrock, J. W. (2007). Adolescence. United States McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.

Academic Writing Skills Guide Essay

insane asylum Preface to the graduation exercise variation (2002) We induce written this endure for you to jockstrap you on the way to becoming proficient in your chosen demesne of economics or pipeline administration. As you put on in your studies, you leave alone demonstrate your proficiency by dint of the essays, musical com fixs, outcome reports, and otherwise schoolbooks that you save. Your physical composition is and so a marker of your relative expertise in your discipline. Yet, it is also a means in itself. committal to composition suffices you fix your cause ideas, discover the strengths and weaknesses in your approximateing, and internalize the knowledge you construct.We trust this scout will help you on your way. But like on the whole guides, it does non contain ein truththing. As Voltaire said, the best way to be boring is to leave nonhing out This guide acts as a starter it is up to you to . go deeper. Just as you will find with your pe nning assignments, we in like manner drop gone finished the writing member in the grammatical musing of this guide. We constructed a plan, clavered numerous radicals and bulk, wrote the text, revise it, and edited it, both the succession trying to carry through it clear and candid. behold to a greater extent The 3 typefaces of Satire EssayIn putting unitedly this guide, we chip in aimed to follow Ernest Hemingway who said, My aim is to put passel on idea what I see and what I feel in the best and simplest way. We hope we sustain succeeded. Henri Mennens, MSc Robert Wilkinson, MSc Second edition (2010) The second edition of this guide to donnish writing is a thorough revision of the starting line edition (2002). A branch from changes to chapter 2, we ease up signifi give the gatetly changed chapters 3 and 5. In addition, we have completely rewritten chapter 4 on citing and referencing in line with the current (2010) recognition and reference norms of the Ameri do-nothing Psychological Association.Major changes also entail the founding of many an(prenominal) more examples. In addition, the stampat requirements for submitting subjects has changed. 2 drive to donnish writing Skills Introduction We have not included culture on grammar and punctuation, since we expect assimilators at the School of melody and Economics to have a groovy command of these aspects on entry. However, we ar aw atomic number 18 that many theatrical rolers of this guide will wish to seek reassurance in this respect. We recommend handlingrs to consult a acceptable grammar book or one of the many good writing sites on the Internet.Robert Wilkinson, MSc Jeannette Hommes, MA NOTE the return is not presented in the format that you have to present your constitutions (see section 5). However, where extracts of student essays ar given, these atomic number 18 in the required format. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the many people and sourc es we have consulted during the construction of this guide. In particular, we would like to express convey to Henri Mennens for his work on the firstly edition, and Keith Campbell of the Language Centre who adapted the first edition of this guide in 2006.We also thank the faculty member Writing tutors of the Language Centre for their inputs and the many students who have made use of the first edition. Furthermore, we ar indebted to Mike Hannay and Lachlan Mackenzie, whose book Effective writing in English A resource guide (both the 1996 and 2002 editions) has been a major source of schooling for chapters 2 and 3. We acknowledge the American Psychological Association whose publishing manual (American Psychological Association, 6th ed. , 2010) has been an excellent certify in the construction of chapter 4 in this guide.Finally, we ar grateful to the Director of the School of Business and Economics for supporting the production of this second edition. 3 direct to faculty me mber Writing Skills Introduction 1. Introduction Academic writing covers the wide be adrift of specific writing tasks that you are required to keep open during the give of your schoolman studies subjects, reports, literature recapitulations, projects, case studies, dissertations, theses, re take care text file, and articles. Some of these text character references are sort of rare outside the faculty member environment ( cover, literature reviews, dissertations, theses) others (reports, projects, etc.) whitethorn hale be aiming at a a good deal broader public.However, what they all have in common is a similar type of reader a somebody educated in the specialist field (here economics or business studies), and usually acting as a professional in that field. These scarcelyt readers represent the professional community of which you aim to be add unitedly a member. To be accepted as member requires you to experience the norms and standards that the professional community expects. thus with regard to writing, you are expected to adhere to the norms expected by the (international) pedantic community.Compare this to a relay race in athletics. In the relay race, you run with three other runners. If you are one of the two eye runners, you have to collect the baton smoothly from the previous runner and bump it on to the next runner. In the relay race your team runs against other teams (your local community). All of you have to run according to the flock of rules hold by the sports governing body (the professional community). If you do not, your team whitethorn be disqualified. The rules put d possess the framework for a potentially great race, and in spite of appearance the rules there is vast scope for individual flair and talent.So with donnishian writing you have to salvage according to the rules but to write swell demands your own indi, vidual talent and enterprise. Just as a highly sure-handed athlete knows how to use the rules to hi s advantage, so an expert writer uses the norms and standards of professional academic writing to persuade readers of the power of his argument. We should not extend this athletics simile too far sports have clear sets of rules that everyone can read and lease academic writing does not. What a professional academic field has is a set of overt norms, such as a style guide.This guide is based on the editorial style requirements described in the siseth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010). on base these is a set of book binding norms that are retributory as powerful. Examples of the covert norms will be the record of argumentation that is considered acceptable in the field. unseeable norms are hidden and therefore take a long time to acquire. Most novice writers acquire them through extensive reading in the field, and by paying active attention to the way other writers use 4Guide to Academic Writing Skills Introduction language. T his swear out of acquirement demands close observation of how expert writers use words and expressions differently in different types of text, e. g. literature reviews or case studies in a hit field (e. g. food grocery storeing). Academic news ideas (and most other forms of academic writing) are typically expository or argumentative. An expository or informative paper describes or explains a particular set of phenomena, and provides an account of why these phenomena are found in one or more specific situations or contexts.The goal of the expository paper is also to acquaint the reader with a body of knowledge. An argumentative or persuasive paper must subscribe a side, make a case for it, consider and refute choice arguments, and prove to the undecided reader that the opinion it presents is the best one. You must be aware of other sides and be fair to them dismissing them completely will antagonize your own argument. It is always best to take a side that you opine in, favou rably with the most supporting evidence. To develop a good academic paper you should go through a number of breaker points, called the writing movement.The chthonicmentioned seven fix ups can be distinguished The writing process 1. opinion stand for 2. Research show 3. Outline item 4. Drafting stage 5. Revising stage 6. Editing stage 7. Final version stage Planning process Transfer in a first drawing output Revising & editing Final output act 1. Stages of the writing process 1. Thinking stage In this stage you peg down your topic area (which whitethorn of course al set be given), cogitate close to ideas on the topic, select, reject and focus those ideas, to begin with arriving at your last-place choice. 5 Guide to Academic Writing Skills.Introduction 2. Research stage Here you search for and study buttground literature and other materials, see the results, draw your own proofs and interpretations, etc. 3. Outline stage In this stage you selective service an lineation of the paper you intend to write, setting out your primary(prenominal) aim or purpose in the paper (the purpose account or thesis recital), sketch how you will develop the points that follow from the purpose, and repoint how you will conclude the paper. 4. Drafting stage Here you put down on screen successively improved versions of your paper.5. Revising stage In this stage you scan your work on a macro train for logical coherence, checking whether you bespeak to add or delete learning, whether sections get recasting for clarification. 6. Editing stage Here you edit your text on a micro level, checking the grammar, spelling, punctuation, in-text citations, references and the layout. 7. Final version stage In this stage you set out the final paper neatly and clearly. Writing a paper is recursive you do not start at the beginning, and work through straight to the end, and that is that.At all times you will be spinal columntracking or loopingso that as you are , w riting your first draft, you may discover you admit to add more instruction and have to contain to the research stage. During the revising stage, you may discover that your original plan was too broad, and so decide to cut out a whole section. You may produce several revised versions of the paper before your final version. Do not for target to allow yourself plenty of time in the midst of writing your first draft and your final version. Figure 2 illustrates the three groups of actions in writing a paper, the disposed(p)ness process, the transfer, and revision and editing.The figure emphasizes the recursive temperament of writing a paper in that each action not merely feeds into the next but feeds back into the previous actions, entailing revision of those actions. 6 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Introduction You may start with a plan, lend some research (reading, library and/or Internet search), take and thus synthesize the information you have acquired, construct a movement or a tale that you will examine, draft an describe, write a rough draft of the debut, start writing the body, then stop.You go back, doings some more research, ad mediocre your abbreviation, rewrite the body, write a issue more, adjust the asylum, perhaps adjust the direction of your purpose, then stop again. You acquit more research, rewrite the body again, draft a conclusion, go back to the introduction, adjust the purpose, rewrite the introduction, then stop. You let the paper simmerfor a while, then reread it, adjusting here and there for content accuracy, perhaps search or check for a contrary argument, throw out less(prenominal) relevant parts of the paper, check the logical discipline of your ideas and arguments, and wrap up the conclusion.Then you check again for spelling (using the spellchecker, but also reading carefully word by word), check for grammar (using the grammar checkers wisely), check all punctuation, check the layout, check the citations a nd the references. You check too for sentence length (eliminate very long, rambling sentences), check paragraph bodily structure (particularly if the topic of the paragraph changes in the paragraph check the subjects of the master(prenominal) verbs), check the logical links between paragraphs and sections. And so on. Figure 2 The writing process and its recursive nature (Bruer, 1993).This guide is unionized as follows. Chapter 2 focuses on the grooming process, describing the readying activities and the construction of an abbreviation. Chapter 3 elaborates on the structuring of the paper, through a precise word of the three parts of a paper, introduction, body, and conclusion. Moreover, structuring a paper effectively requires that you write wellconstructed paragraphs this chapter also provides brief guidelines on paragraph organization. Chapter 4 explains the importance of citing sources and boastful references, and provides guidelines how to put them in the paper in a c orrect way.Chapter 5 concentrates on finalizing the paper. This chapter discusses the format requirements, text revision and the evaluation of the paper. To conclude, this guide helps you to win the process of academic writing, which you can apply to the specific writing assignments during the course of your academic studies. It specifies the elements necessary to a successful academic paper. But keep in mind two things. First, each assignment will be different and require a different organization. Second, writing is a achievement7 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Introduction you only get better at a skill through regular practice. systematic practice conveys to routine and expertise. The application of the principles of this guide can be of use until your last writing examination the final thesis. However, this guide just contains a brief summary of the different topics discussed. For more information you should consult literature, especially the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010, 6th ed. , in the University Library), and the Internet. Besides, keep in mind that the writing process is not just apparently following a set of rules.Try to develop your own style, expertise and talent, in order to distinguish yourself. Good luck with your writing career 8 Guide to Academic Writing Skills The planning process 2. The planning process In order to get a good start to writing your paper, it is master(prenominal) that you go successfully through the planning process. This chapter describes the different activities of the planning process. Then, section 2. 2 discusses the most important stage of the planning process the construction of an intimate. 2. 1. The planning activities.During the planning process, according to Hannay and Mackenzie (2002), you are concerned with six major activities 1 Generating ideas for the content. Ideas for content can come from several sources from your own knowledge, from discussions with other p eople, and from various media sources (written texts, audio-visual media and electronic media). Brainstorming techniques help you to generate ideas in the first two categories. 2 Selecting and classifying points. Here you are concerned with ordering your ideas. Analyse them to determine the extent to which they are attached with each other.Ideas and concepts that are highly connected are potential to form key points in your texts. Those which are less closely connected may form essential supporting topics, or may need to be abandoned. Some may require more development. Always be prepared to get rid of ideas that prove not to be relevant to your argument. 3 Establishing your purview. In this activity you need to decide what angle you are outlet to take with your material. Are you taking a historical perspective, or only discussing the present situation? Are you taking an objective position, or are you bringing in your own personalised standpoint?Are you taking a general viewpoin t, or only a specific case? Are you looking at the matter from your home country perspective? Are you discussing a general issue or only a nas tional situation? 9 Guide to Academic Writing Skills The planning process 4 Determining your intention. Now you need to consider what you want to do with the text. Do you want to present both sides of an argument equally, or do you want to present only one side? Do you need to give examples, or will your argumentation be sufficient on its own? Do you want to persuade the reader of your opinion, or are you only wishing to describe the matter?Do you want just to present a problem, or do you want to offer solutions as well? What you are breathing out to do with your text must compel very clear to the reader in the thesis line of reasoning this statement directs the readers to the purpose of the text. 5 Formulating a draft title, structuring the introduction and conclusion. Here you should set down a working title and excogitate a draft struct ure for the introduction and the conclusion. At this stage your drafting should only be provisional you should write the actual version only after you have written the body of the paper.This is because you do need to know what your introduction is indeed introducing, and you need to know what your conclusion is concluding. A useful rule of ovolo is Plan your introduction, then your conclusion, and then your body, but write your body, then your conclusion and then your introduction. 6 Drafting paragraph themes. At this stage, go back to the ideas (themes) you have selected and classified. Now you have to decide which will be competent for your text. apiece theme usually is the reason for a single paragraph.Each theme too will require sufficient development so do not try to include too many. As a rough guide, you probably cannot treat adequately more than about 4 themes in a 1000-word paper (roughly 3 pages), while a 2500-word paper (roughly 6 pages) will seem overwhelming if i t includes more than 9 or 10 themes. Once you have selected your themes, list the points that you need to make to support the theme in the paragraph. 2. 2. The planning abstract The goal of the planning outline is to help you organize your ideas, and present them in a logical order.It serves to order the relationships between the ideas it allows you to see how related ideas can be grouped together, and which ideas you can cut out, and which ideas need more support. A good outline helps you to discover the direction in your paper, and prevents you from getting distracted into irrelevant information. 10 Guide to Academic Writing Skills The planning process Figure 3 lists six steps that may be considered in the development of a planning outline. 1 Decide the purpose of your paper and the audience you are writing for. 2.Develop a statement in which you define the goal or purpose of your paper (commonly called thesis statement). This clarifies what you are going to present or argue in the paper. At this stage you may not have a definitive version of this statement. 3 List all the important points you want to handle in the paper. These points have to be split in three main parts introduction, body, and conclusion. The points in the introduction include the items that lead to the purpose or thesis statement (so-called background information), and a statement of the purpose or goal that should now be defined precisely.When you are planning your paper, you will group all your ideas around one primordial theme. This theme forms the core of your purpose or thesis statement or research question. The points in the body have to be logically organized so that they follow from your purpose and lead towards the conclusion. In a big paper (for example a Master thesis), you usually develop a set of subquestions, covering the s points that lead to an answer to the research question. By answering step by step the different subquestions in the body, you can draw a organize an d well-founded conclusion at the end.The points in the conclusion include the summary of the facts that lead to an answer to the statement or question you started with and the answer itself. 4 Categorize the points in the body nether general headings so that you can identify which points need more development (e. g. you have to do more reading) and which points are not useful or relevant (delete these). Choose precise, concrete words for the headings avoid vague terms. interest the headings to the purpose of your paper. If your paper is describing a situation, you are more likely to aim noun structures for headings (for example Failure of Bretton Woods).If your paper is oriented to action, you may choose communicatory structures typically -ing forms in English (for example Reforming the auditor duties). s 5 Work out how one idea follows logically from the previous one. business down how you will make the transitions from point to point. This is a key step, but one that is often underrated. Failure to think out the transitions in the planning stage can cost you more time in the revising stage. 6 Finally, look back at the whole outline, and check that you are satisfied that it all hangs together logically and conceptually. Now you are ready to start writing. Figure 3.Six steps in the planning process. Outlines are generative. They are most useful if you modify them as you write in line with new thoughts or information. Some of you may find that a simple, less detailed written outline is sufficient you may be very competent in holding the full structure in your mind but you may add more detailed points to the outline as you progress. Most of you, however, find that a relatively detailed outline on paper is an effective reminder of what the goal of your paper is and of what you have selected from the literature, and an efficient guide to how far you have come.11 Guide to Academic Writing Skills The planning process An outline as a simple list of points (see Figure 4, loge a) may not help you organize and structure your paper. A more organized outline (see Figure 4, box b) will help you see how the different parts hang together and may facilitate the writing. Many American writing textbooks and websites provide detailed guidance on writing outlines. Under the American ruler, outlines are structured using the following symbols (Roman numerals, capital letters, Arabic numerals).This is only a convention used in the writing process it is not part of APA style, and under no circumstances should it be used in the final paper (see for example Purdue University Online Writing Lab http//owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/544/03/). Box c (Figs ure 4) illustrates the framework using the American conventions. a Unhelpful outline case The Struggle for the Mobile Phone food market 1. Description of the European wandering phone market. 2. Major players Nokia, Ericsson, Siemens. 3. Focus of youth market. b Structured outline 4. Future trends i n the market European consignment case on choline chloride contract 1.Introduction 1. 1. Background to case choline chloride agreement 1. 2. Aim of paper (thesis) European Commission took the right decision to fine the firms, because they had formed a cartel, but the fines are not sufficient to discourage cartel forming in the future. Key economic issues 2. 1. Market description 2. 1. 1. Producers 2. 1. 2. Consumers 2. 2. Agreements 2. 2. 1. hurt fixing 2. 2. 2. Market sharing Economic impact on competition 3. 1. Fixed prices raised income for producers 3. 2. Market sharing reduced competition 3. 3. Economic impact of cartel (Perloff) 3. 3. 1. Oligopoly 3. 3. 2.Welfare analysis European Commission decision 4. 1. That the market is an oligopoly 4. 2. That the market is not competitive 4. 3. Punishment for firms 4. 3. 1. Fines 4. 3. 2. Leniency ruling Conclusions 5. 1. Summary 5. 2. Price setting agreements have a big impact on the market 5. 3. Fines based on gravity and duration of infringement 5. 4. Leniency fines not high enough to discourage cartel formation in future. 2. 3. 4. 5. 12 Guide to Academic Writing Skills c Classic formal outline (American style) I. II. First item Second item A. sub-item B. sub-item 1. sub-sub-item 2. sub-sub-item Third item.The planning process III. Figure 4. Examples of outlines. 13 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Structuring 3. Structuring On the basis of the outline, described in the previous chapter, it is now mathematical to continue with the structure of your paper. You started the structuring process already in steps three and four of the construction of an outline, described in section 2. 2. The structuring process continues by implementing these steps in the paper, starting with the introduction. Section 3. 1 discusses the structuring process of the introduction, section 3. 2. covers the middle part (or body), and section 3.3. the discussion and conclusion. Structuring a paper effectively also requires that you wr ite well-constructed paragraphs. This is discussed briefly in section 3. 4. 3. 1. The introduction The introduction has three functions, all of which must be present. First, it sets the context by introducing the topic of your paper. This is called the background information. This information leads to the second function it specifies the purpose of the paper. Finally, the introduction contains a short outline of how you are going to handle the aspects of your topic in the rest of the paper. any introduction in which one of these functions is missing is necessarily incomplete. The length of the introduction varies from one paragraph to several pages, depending on the total length of the paper. one-third other factors influence the length. First, how familiar are your readers with the context? If, for example, you are writing about menial and medium-sized businesses in Nepal, you may have to explain much more of the Nepalese background for readers who are less familiar with that cou ntry, since the readers may wish to compare Nepalese SMEs with those in other developing countries.Second, what the type of paper (or genre) are you writing? If, for example, you are writing a review of the academic literature on internet auction markets, your introduction energy be quite short, since you will include the information from your review in the middle of your paper. Similarly, if you are examining a competition case from, say, the European Commission or the US Department of Justice, then you may not need much background information, for you can refer almost straightaway to the case.On the other hand, in a paper in which you argue a point of view (e.g. the abolition of export subsidies), then you may need to present adequate background information before introducing your pur- 14 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Structuring pose. Third, what economics or business discipline are you addressing? The length of introductions may differ between econometrics, labour economics, marketing, strategic management, and so on. It is wise to check by reading relevant previous papers in the target discipline and the target genre, as well as taking the readers familiarity into account.Nevertheless, as a useful rule of thumb, it is valuable to think of your introduction as being about one-eighth of the length of the text you are writing. Thus, the introduction to a 1000word paper would be about cxxv words the introduction to a 10,000-word dissertation would contain about 1250 words, and may well appear as a short chapter in its own right. So treat the one-eighth concept as a guideline, not as a straightjacket. Writing the introduction depends heavily on personal preference.Some writers like to know exactly how they will begin before they start to elaborate the text they are aiming to write other writers prefer to know what they have written first, and then write the introduction to work it, so that it leads to the purpose statement. Yet, a good rule of thumb is to write a draft introduction that leads to your purpose statement, then write the whole text, right to the conclusion, progressively editing as you go along. Only then do you return to your introduction and adjust or rewrite it so that it does indeed fit your paper neatly and satisfyingly.3. 1. 1. The background information The introduction prepares the readers for what follows. Thus, the introduction has an orientation function. Thus, it should therefore present enough background information so that the readers will recognize that the middle of your paper follows logically and coherently from the introduction you need to pay attention to what the reader can be expected to know already and what will be new. Your introduction is more effective when it progresses from the cognise to the unknown (Figure 5). 15 Guide to Academic Writing Skills.Structuring Prediction markets and their applicability for organizational decision making 1. Introduction Whether firms are successful or not de pends to a great extent on their decisions about new products. Therefore, top management has large Background information (known less known) incentives to have as accurate information as possible on future demand and success of new products. Usual methods of crowd this information include customer surveys and expert opinions. Often, however, these approaches are very faulty and misleading.In order to avoid problems linked to the two methods mentioned above, firms came to think about whether or not to make use of expectation markets as information gathering tools (Ho & Chen, 2007). New information (topic) Prediction markets, also known as information markets or future events (Wolfers & Zitzewitz, 2004), are markets in which price is used as an indicator of the probability that a plastered event will occur in the future (Manski, 2006). Market participants vitiate and sell contracts of the particular event they think will be likely to take place and they receive money when t hey betted correctly (Wolfers & Zitzewitz, 2004).This advise of paper paper investigates the question whether or not firms should engage in prediction markets to make informed decisions. Outline Firstly, it explains some general aspects of prediction markets. Secondly, it describes examples of this forecasting tool, focusing for illustration on the Iowa Electronic Market and ultimately it compares benefits and disadvantages of implementing prediction markets in businesses. Figure 5. Example of an introduction from a freshman business paper. 16 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Structuring 3. 1. 2.The purpose statement The purpose statement is a vital component in academic papers. It marks the high point of the introduction. This statement is a clear expression of the purpose that your paper is expected to assert, explain, support, or defend (Fulwiler & Hayakawa, 2000). It summarizes the main idea of a paper and makes that idea explicit to the readers. The statement answers t he questions the full of life reader has what? Why does this paper exist? What it all about? So s In the literature on academic writing, you will meet the term thesis statement This term cov.ers the statement that the writer is going to argue in his or her paper.Strictly speaking, it is relevant to argumentative papers where you are advancing a claim (the thesis), and then in the paper you present the arguments (evidence) that demonstrates whether the claim holds. An example of an argumentative paper is a position paper in which you set out a particular divinatory position (opinion) based on arguments (evidence). Many papers that you write will not be essentially argumentative papers. You may often simply be explaining a phenomenon or showing and analysing data.Sometimes, you may simply be answering an exploratory question. However, all papers do require a statement or question that neatly summarizes what you are going to do in your paper (see Table 1). Table 1. Types of papers and associated purpose statements*. Type of paper Argumentative paper Purpose as expressed description You argue a proposition (claim). You present the arguments (evidence) for and against the claim, and decide whether the claim is support or not. You start with a question about a phenomenon, and devise one or more hypotheses that you will test in your research.Your observational paper reports the results. Example Government action to restrict the bonuses paid to investiture bankers is unwise because it is harmful to the economy as a whole. Are hapless people more generous than rich people? Poor people will give a larger percentage of a monetary gift to poor people than rich people will. Thesis statement Experimental per pa- Research question hypothesis 17 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Structuring Exploratory analysis data Research question You conduct a survey or a series of interviews, for example, but do not have an explicit hypothesis before you start.You have a researc h question, but do not know in advance what the answers may be. How much do students know about financing small and medium-sized businesses? Or This paper explores the knowledge students have about the financing of This paper reviews recent experimental research into the principal-agent relationship. This paper examines whether the economic grounds for blessing the merger were pass away. OR Were the economic grounds for approving the merger sound? The European Commission was justified in fining the lift manufacturers as their cartel had distorted competition and reduced consumer welfare.

Observing Argumentation

Argumentation In the 21st century, people are very set in the sterile thoughts that society implants in their heads. many people dont like to tonicity out of their comfort zone when it comes to value and stereotypes. In both stories, I individual(prenominal)ly think the theme is that everyone should step out of the thoughts that they are used to and be more open- headwayed virtually the existenceness.In Fatima Merrills article Digital Scheherazade The Rise of Women as Key Players In the Arab disconnect Communication Strategies she Is ring divert the attention of Spanish reporters away from the stereotypical mindset that the Arab orb just consists of terrorism and women in veils. jocoseness is try to get the reporters to focus on the positives of the Arab world and give women the credit that they deserve. In Richard Rodriguez theme Family Values the author is trying to emphasize what family value sincerely means and the open-mindedness of having a gay family member.Within different goals in that respect are deferent standards, expectations and reactions, but In the end It Is all about acceptance and flavor beyond the customs you are used to. Fatima Merriness uses facts and statistics to tell her story about how the digital revolution, called alfalfa racial, has been a big influence in the Arab states. Merriness tries to inform the indorser on how ignorant the outside world is towards the reality of the Arab community. Some citizens look at the revolution as something to be worried about when their kids are sitting at home, watching videos that they dont mind appropriate.All they want to do is find a way to ban it, when in that respect are actually many upsides. Merriness uses real life examples, much(prenominal) as Maim Al-Kalmia, to emphasize how women are taking advantage of the enhance in technology. She relates the story to her personal experience in Spain and how they didnt have a TV that featured the usual channels she would watch at ho me. Merriness shows how the Spanish reporters are Ignorant to the reality of the Arab world because of stereotypes, but excessively because of lack of knowledge.In Richard Rodriguez story Family set he focuses on the meaning of family values and how it is different in every culture. He uses stories to be able to let off himself and get his point across. American culture is defined as being very independent in the way children are raised, Asian culture is portrayd as the whiz kids and Hispanic culture is described as the people of family. There are stereotypes for every culture and that Is why Rodriguez develops that in that location Is not one set deflation for family values.When speaking of the gay culture, Rodriguez opens up bout his personal experiences and how gays are rejected in this world. He tries to explain the inner workings of each cultures family values, but ends with the statement that family values are acceptance. People need to step out of the stereotypes in the world and accept the change that is occurring around them. While both authors try to salute open-mindedness and acceptance throughout their stories, I believe that Merriness did a emend Job getting her point across. Hill in Merriments story she uses her personal experience, statistics and facts to inform the reader of her argument. It was easier to understand what she was trying to convey with her piece. In my public opinion it was more of a straight forward piece that doesnt leave the reader thinking what is she trying to say? . She started with the reporters stereotypical mindset of the Arab world, went on to describe the evolution of Arab women and ended with how the outside world needs to focus on the advancement in technology. Her argument is clear from beginning to end and there is never any confusion.

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler was born on 20th April 1889 at the Gasthof zum Pommer, a hotel in Braunau am inn in Austria. He was the fourth child in the family of hexad children. Adolf Hitler had a very troubled relationship with his begetter but was remnant to his mother.His father, Alois Hitler, was an authoritarian figure who frequently beat his son. He is said to keep told his secretary that he once resolved never to cry when his father whipped him. Hitler was a relatively poor student, a particular that he posterior on attributed to his rebellious nature to wards Alois. In his early familys lived a bread and butter characterized by the love of intellectual and artistic t displaceencies.From 1905, Adolf led a Bohemian lifestyle in capital of Austria, Austria. He applied twice in the academy of Fine Arts Vienna but was rejected. The Academy cited that he was defective to paint and was told to try architecture instead. Apparently, he had fascination for architecture. It was in Vienna t hat Adolf Hitler became an anti-Semite.Vienna had a oversize Jewish community among them Orthodox Jews who had fled Russia. It is said that those who may have influenced Hitler during his early years include politician Karl Lueger, anti-Semite ideologist Lanz von Liebenfels, Georg Ritter von Schonerer, and composer Richard Wagner. (Lukacs 110)First World WarAdolf Hitler served in the sixteenth Bavarian Regiment in Belgium and France in the First World War. By the end of the war he was the resembling of American army private effect one class. A private first class, or a Gefreiter in German, was a runner and was frequently subject to enemy fire. Though his set was dangerous, Hitler served in key battles on the horse opera Front. These includeFirst Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme Battle of tapestry Battle of Passchendaele The first Battle of Ypres gained the name Massacre of needy and about twoscore thousand men were killed in twenty days. amidst October and December, Ad olfs comp whatever of ii hundred and fifty men was lessen to forty two men. His biographer noted that the Battle of Ypres made Adolf travel and aloof for the remainder of the war.He was save rewarded for his bravery by being awarded two decorations. He was awarded the Second Class Iron Cross in 1914. He to a fault received the Iron Cross, First Class in the year 1918. This honor was rarely awarded to a private first class.The regimental round though thought that he lacked leadership skills and was never promoted to the position of corporal. other reason cited for lack of promotion was because his citizenry was in question. While at his regimental headquarters, Hitler found condemnation to practice his artwork. He contributed to the army paper by drawing cartoons and instructional drawings.During the Battle of Somme, Hitler was wounded in the make area. This was in 1916 but by 1917 he had returned to the front. Due to his injury, Hitler received a wound badge in 1917. Adolf Hitler was temporarily blinded following a mustard gas attack and was admitted to a field hospital.Some people ulterior suggested that Hitler was blinded as a result of a conversion disorder. jibe to him, the blindness inhabit led him to be convinced that his lifes purpose was to save to Germany. Some scholars indicate that his objective and intention to pass along Jews in Europe was organise in his mind during this term. (Lukacs 118)PoliticsAdolf Hitler was a overzealous German patriot and had admired Germany for a long time. He however became a citizen in 1932. He regarded war as his greatest experience and received many praises for his bravery from various commanding officers. Hitler was shocked and raise by Germanys agreement to surrender in November 1918.What made him angrier was the fact that their army quiet held enemy territory. As a staunch nationalist, he believed in the dagger stabbed legend. The legend argued that the undefeated Germany army in the field had bee n betrayed (stabbed in the back) by Marxists and civilian leaders. These Marxists and civilian leaders were later on branded November Criminals.The German capitulation deprived the nation a number of territories and demilitarized the Rhineland. The treaty of Versailles to a fault imposed economically damaging sanctions on Germany. The Versailles accord restored Poland, a move considered an outrage even to a moderate German. It also criminalized Germany for all horrors experienced during the World War One.Since Germany was culpable, reparations were imposed on the nation. The Treaty of Versailles humiliated Germany in a number of ways. The German army for warrant was almost fully demilitarized. They were not allowed to have submarines, an air force, armored vehicles, and were just allowed six battleships and an army of a hundred thousand people.The treaty compete a significant role on Germanys political and genial conditions. It was an important basis on which the Nazis and Hi tler sought power.Adolf Hitler remained in the army after the end of the First World War. He went back to Munich and attended the funeral rising slope of the murdered Prime Minister Kurt Eisner. He was part of the national idea courses led by the Bavarian department of propaganda and education.Hitler and those of the same sentiments be regarded Germany woes to be as a result of international Jewry, politicians, Communists, and Marxists. In 1919, Adolf Hitler was ordained as a police spy of the Intelligence Commando of the Reichswehr.The Reichswehr was later formed the defense force of Germany. He was required to infiltrate the German Workers fellowship (a depressed company then) and influence other soldiers. The factors that impressed Hitler to join the troupe include It was anti-Semitic It was nationalistic It was anti-capitalist It was anti-Marxist The party favored a voiceless and active administration The party advocated for a non Jewish version of collectivism Solidarit y for all members of the societyThe above beliefs and characteristics guided Adolf Hitler for the rest of his life and administration. Adolf Hitler was made the ordinal member of the executive committee of Anton Drexlers German Workers Party. This was mainly imputable to the fact that the party founder was impressed by his oratory skills. Hitler also met another founder of the party Dietrich Eckart who will become his mentor.Dietrich taught Hitler how to dress and speak exchanged ideas with him and introduced him to many people. So as to improve the partys appeal, it was renamed the National Socialist German Workers Party. by and by being discharged of his armed services duties in 1920, Hitler together with his former superiors concentrated his efforts in the partys activities. He became very effective at speaking to large crowds. (Lukacs 110)Adolf Hitler was a gifted orator and utilise his talent to the maximum. In February 1921, he address nearly six thousand people assembled in Munich. He publicize the gathering using two truckloads filled with supporters holding swastikas and throwing leaflets. He used polemic and rowdy speeches to criticize the Treaty of Versailles, politicians, Marxists and Jews.His party was based in Munich (a German nationalists hotbed then) and was determined to undermine the Weimer republic party and end Marxism. Some of his party members considered him to be domineering. This group formed fusion with other socialists starring(p) to the resignation of Adolf Hitler from the party in July 1921.The exit of Hitler meant the end of the party. He however declared his return if he was given the position of chairman of the party with unlimited powers. Some original members of the party were furious by Hitlers decision. They wrote a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor and criticizing him as power hungry and violent. Hitler sued for libel and was awarded a small settlement.The party members were later made to vote on Hitlers demand. He won through landslide victory with five dollar bill hundred and forty three votes against one. On July 29 1921, he was declared the Fuhrer of his party. This was the first time the term Fuhrer was used.He made enemies by attacking communists, capitalists, Jews, liberals, and reactionary monarchists. His initial followers include army captain Ernst Rohm, air force pilot Herman Goring, Rudolf Hess and wartime oecumenic Erich Ludendorff.Adolf Hitler together with his wartime general friend staged a coup on November 8 1983. Hitler and the NAZI paramilitary force organization SA stormed a public clash led by Kahr. The following day Hitler and party supporters marched from a large beer residence in Munich to the Bavarian War Ministry.Their intention was to overthrow the Bavarian government. This event is popularly known as the Beer Hall Putsch. They were however outspread and sixteen party members killed. Some scholars indicate that Hitler contemplated suicide after the beer ha ll putsch event. Adolf Hitler was later arrested and charged with high treason. His trial transformed Hitler from a local Munich figure to a national figure.He used his unlimited time during the trial to voice his nationalistic sentiments in the defense speech. He was sentenced to five years imprisonment on 1st April 1924. The Bavarian Supreme beg handed Hitler an early release on 20th December 1924. He dedicated his time at Landsberg Prison writing an autobiography and rendering of his ideology titled Mein Kampf. It sold close to a quarter cardinal copies between 1925 and 1934.Rise to powerHitler faced various obstacles in his efforts of rebuilding his party. Some of these obstacles include improved economy in Germany, collapse of the putsch and his ban on public speaking. He devised a new legal strategy of gaining power. Hitlers turning point came when Germany was hit by the Great Depression in 1930.The Centre Party of Chancellor Heinrich Bruning lacked majority in parliament leading to instability. The premature picks of 1930 saw the Nazis win unexpected 107 seats and eighteen share of the vote. They rose from one of the smallest party in the parliament to the second largest.Hitler appealed to war veterans, the middle class, and German farmers. His niece Geli Raubal committed suicide using Hitlers gun for hire in September 1931. Geli, who was nineteen years younger than Hitler was believed to have been in a romantic relationship with him.This event was a source of earnest and lasting pain to Adolf Hitler. After attaining citizenship in 1932, Hitler ran for president against the incumbent capital of Minnesota von Hindenburg but came in second with a remarkable 35%. (Rees 62)After Bruning resigned in1932, the July election saw the Nazis become the largest party in the parliament with 230 seats. The parliament was later dissolved and new elections were called. The Nazis lost some seats but still remained the party with the majority seats. Through a pow er sharing deal, Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of the German government and sworn in on January 30th, 1933.On February 1933, the parliament building was set on fire leading to the government Reichstag promote Decree. The Nazis used their paramilitary unit to spread violence against communists. The Enabling put to work gave the Hitler administration legislative and executive powers.He used this position to suppress any remaining opposition and on July 14 1934, his party was declared as the only legal party in the nation. He used the SA paramilitary power to force for Hugenbergs resignation and the abolition of state governments. After the death of the president, new elections were not held.His cabinet passed a law making the office dormant. Hitler transferred all the powers to himself and declared himself the Fuhrer and Reichskanzer or the leader and the chancellor. He so became the commander of the German armed forces.

Client Centered Therapy

Jessica Jeffers It is ineluct equal that in psychotherapy there be numerous theories. Theories arise expose of scholarly investigations of ideas on valet de chambre de think ofor. Human behavior is an extraordinarily kindle subject and therefore produces a plethora of ideas from a variety of theorists. These theorists be influenced by their education, culture, and time period. One of the most influential, empathetic altogethery imageing, theorists is Carl Rogers. His contributions to human behavior have changed many of the theories that preceded him, and contributed his possibility to many theories that followed him.I want to explore leaf node/Person center Therapy. This is a type of therapy that was pioneered by Carl Rogers. This therapy is different because as the name suggests it solely focuses on the leaf node. In focusing on the customer, the guests feelings are deeply explored. The assumption is however, that the guest was never satisfactory to have their feelings heard by the people surrounding them. Person Centered Therapy would permit the thickening to then be fitted to converse their feelings loosely.According to Strupp (1971), releasing relationship is in principle indistinguishable from any sound human relationship in which a individual feels fully accepted, respected, and prized (p. 39). Thus, there must(prenominal) be a remedial alliance between healer and client. This cure alliance should creative an environment for the client in which the client feels the healer is judgment-free. I draw that Rogers theory to be interesting and seemingly affective. It makes grit that a change in a clients negative relationship patterns would allow freedom for the client to express themselves emotionally.According to Strupp (1971), The client, therefore, is non a patient who is throw up and who is in need of treatment, but he is a person whose preceding throws in life have made him defensive, severed him from free and open communica tion with his peers, and pr til nowted him from realizing his potential as a fully carrying into action person(p. 39). Thus, the client would have to be categorized with the assumption that he has undergo in his past severed free and open communication with his peers. This would mean that a client with clear and reciprocated communication with her loved ones would not find se in Client Centered Therapy. According to Truscott (2010), our efforts to feel good about ourselves we tend to try to incorporate others expectations? thereby denying our true selves and adopting rather a conditional self? resulting in feelings of disorganization and emotional pain. If, on the other hand, we experience sureness, nonjudgmental caring, and empathy in our relationships with others, then we fuel come through our potential as persons (p. 70-71). Thus, a client with emotional support can manage his feelings easier then someone without any emotional support.This still leaves the client with emoti onal support with the expectation that she should not have any trouble with expressing her emotions. It is apparent that Rogers main goal was to create an environment for the client in which he forget eventually be able to independently understand and express his feelings. Truscott (2010) reported according to the person- touch on, humanistic worldview that, When we are fully functioning we are then able to make healthy decisions and set goals for ourselves that are congruent with our personal possibilities.The therapist, therefore, does not set goals for the client of solving or managing problems. Rather, clients who are able to become more fully functioning provide decide for themselves how best to cope with problems and participate in a red-blooded life. (p. 71) This independence that Rogers wanted to invoke in his clients has functionality. A person who was not able to function independently will be able to do so, which in uprise can have powerful effects. The question is h owever, without cure goals the lines of recovery seem to be infinite.Thus, if a client is not contemptible toward a tangible goal, then she is not moving forward. As an line of credit to that, I would contend that the client would move forward because they would progress in their ability to recognize their emotional turmoils. Rogers may not have worked with his clients to produce and obtain goals, but he did have a net goal in his therapeutic work. According to Rogers, They clients are then able to accept themselves as they are and to commit themselves to becoming more want they can and want to be (as cited in Truscott, 2010, p. 2). The client is in turn aided by the therapist in becoming as true as possible. Thus this authenticity would provide the client with the ability to be true to themselves and their feelings. I find this to be useful in allowing the client to process their internal feelings, externally. According to Truscott (2010), Therapists must be willing and able to listen without prejudice, judgment, or agenda if the client is to have any risk of feeling truly understood and accepted.Positive feelings, negative feelings, and silence must be acceptable to the therapist (p. 73). This is interesting because it requires that the therapists become void of any judgments. To me this seems worry a difficult task to accomplish because of the nature of judgments. Understandably so, the therapist would automatically make judgments of the client, as a natural inclination even with the best intentions against judgments. So, what kind of a therapist must one be to establish a patient centered therapy?According to Truscott (2010), Because person-centered therapy is, at its heart, a highly collaborative approach, three qualities of the therapist must be unmixed in relationship with the client (p. 73). Truscott (2005) reports that these qualities are genuineness, unconditional positive attentiveness and emphatic understanding. Truscott (2005) explains, Genuineness requires a significant depth of self- knowledge. It is only a fully functioning person who can be totally genuine (p. 73). To add (1971) contends, he most basic ingredient of therapeutic success, is characterized by the therapists openness to another persons experience and a keen awareness of himself and the clients experience (p. 41). , the therapist must be very aware of himself in enounce to be present on behalf of the client. Truscott (2005) also explains unconditional positive calculate It means that the client feels understood in a nonjudgmental musical mode (p. 74). Thus, if the therapist is completely judgment free, the client is more likely to express themselves without a fear of being ridiculed for their thoughts.Lastly Truscott (2010) explains empathetic understanding, This means that the therapist senses accurately the feelings and personal meanings that the client is experiencing and communicates this understanding to the client. The following two thing s are beta about this (a) that the empathy be accurate and (b) that the empathy be made known to the client. (p. 74) It is alpha to understand that empathy is important in all therapeutic relationships. It is a kernel value a therapist must hold in pasture to create a proper alliance with the client.It is especially important with the client centered therapy, because empathy is a core concept in the client centered therapy. Rogerss theoretical approach functioned well for the goals of the client finally being able to discover key themes about themselves. Accordingly Raskin, Rogers ump humorous (2011) contend that The common thread is the need to understand the clients relationship to the problem, illness, or self destructive behavior to collaborate with the client in self-healing and product (p. 172).Thus, the therapist must combine with the client to put in a joint effort in the healing process. This collaboration seems most high-octane because it does not allow for a false belief that the therapist will solve all of the clients problems. Instead, it should permit the client to feel that she has support to engulf into emotions she might have been afraid to do so before get in client centered therapy. It is interesting to note according to Raskin et al. ( 2011), Our basic send client centered therapy remains true to the core conditions no matter who our client may be.We also assert that our ability to play an initial therapeutic relationship depends on our own openness to and appreciation of respect for all kinds of difference (p. 183). I believe that the cultural diversity that CCT maintains is important in a multiplicity open therapeutic environment. The implications for a non discriminatory form of therapy are that it can be used across populations. This allows for broader use of this theory and the chances for positive outcomes is increased because the availability.

American Literature

Edwin Arlington Robinson- father/m separate/ 2 brothers conk outd. doctor love of liveness married brother. Never Married. Wanted to be poet since age 11 and chose to live In p solely all overty. Wrote traditional numberss. Old-fashioned scarce treats with modern problems. doctrine Behind the peaceful and genteel communities of small- townsfolk the States lies a substrata of failure, loneliness, and terror. Conflict with brightness train and dark with the individual. major(ip) Works The Children of the Night, The Man Against the Sky, and The Man Who Died Twice. Quotes I eventually realized I was doomed, or elected, or sentenced to invigoration, to the piece of physical composition of rhymeMajor Works A Boys Will, North of Boston, West-Running Brook. Quotes l am non a t each(prenominal)er entirely an awakener. Education is the ability to tilten Poets ar eke baseball pitchers. In three haggle I throw give a modality sum up e genuinely social function A nu mbers begins In delight and ends in wisdom The mankind Is full of go let oning people And where an epitaph to be my account Id birth a curt one ready for my own. mend breakwater, Home Burial, The Road non Taken, Birches, Fire and ice, S concealmentping by Woods, Desert Places, Design, No function G grey-hai de actuateure erect Stay, Out Out, Departmental. T. S. Eliot The Hollow Men, The Love tenor of J. Alfred Frock.William Carols Williams- pediatrician. Images, suggest earlier than offer, fo infra concrete Images, strive for Pictures from Brushes, Paterson, The Farmers Daughter and Other Stories. Quotes If you discount bring nought to this place The better snip men do is always When they affect me, as of late If they give you lined paper, preserve the other way. It is gruelling to get the innovatives from poems Poets be damned entirely they argon non blind One thing I am convinced to a greater extent(prenominal) than and more is dead on target an d that is this Tract, The corking Figure, The reddened Wheel garden cart, This Is Just to Say, A com guide onionate body of Song.E. E. Cummings- 3 months in French prison, Harvard. Unorthodox punctuation, compressed spacing, literary cubism. ( spyhopper) Images reduce clicks, create new rhythms, put on up common speech. Philosophy oral, anarchy against conformity, authority, exploitation of life, romantic and sexual love. Major Works Tulips and Chimneys, XSL Poems, ViVa, No Thanks, 1 * 1, Agape Seventy-One Poems, The Enormous Room. Quotes The more or less wasted of all geezerhood is one w/o laughter. To be nobody scarcely yourself in a world which is doing A political is an erase upon which The poems to come atomic number 18 for you and me In Just, My Sweet Old Etcetera, I burble of Loaf smiling and big, If thither ar any heavens, Plato T disused, I thank you God, she being brand-new, prize got a soil, Old age sticks, Pity this busty monster unkind, L(a), si de by side(p) to of course God America l, look at this, who be you, footling l, Maggie and mills and molly and may, I carry your heart with me, I akin your body when it is with your. Longboats Hughes- Lawrence, Topeka.Black generator. Rhythms of Jazz and blues. Oral tradition of black culture. Philosophy invest take awayment with people, pride of heritage, promotion of racial Justice. Major Works The moon Keeper, Montage of a dream deferred, Not Without Laughter. Quotes A dream deferred is a dream denied. l cause discovered in life that in that respect atomic number 18 ways Humor is laughing at what you throw awaynt got when you ought to have it. the analogous a welcome summer rain l swear to the headmaster l forget non take provided for an answer. Well I uniform to eat sleep drink and be in love. Oh matinee idol of dust and rainbows 7 * 7 + Love = The Energy Speaks of Rivers, The Weary Blues, Song for a Dark Girl, Trumpet Player, Motto, Harlem, Dream Variations, I too sing America, theme for English B. F. Scott Fitzgerald- named later on cousin who wrote star bridge take shapeg direct banner. married charr was Zelda. Heavy drinker. Zelda became mentally ill. Clear lyrical prose. The Ameri burn Dream. Philosophy The bem utilize coevals, all gods dead, all wars, fought, all faiths hake. Major Works The Side of Paradise, The strong-favored and the Damned, The Great Gatsby, Tales of the Jazz come along, Tender is the Night, The Last Tycoon, The Curious Case of benzoin Button.Quotes In a real dark night The test of a outgrowth-rate Some clips it is harder First you take a drink any you think or else others have you think for you Family quarrels argon bitter things Im a romantic It is in the thirties Never confuse a hit defeat with a final defeat. The world as a territorial dominion The faces of most American women Show me a hero and I will write you a ragged. There are no snatch acts in American Lives. Babylon Revisited allegory, gothic romance. Philosophy southern memory, populace, myth.Major Works Sartorial, As I lay dying, light in august, Abyssal, the unvanquished, go worst Moses, intruder in the dust, the sound and the fury. Quotes Given the choice The young man or woman writing today Always dream and shoot higher than you know you can do If I were reincarnated A mule will labor 10 years Loving all of it even fleck he had to loathe any(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)what of it I believe that man will non alone endure. He will prevail. A Rose for Emily Ernest Hemingway mother dressed him as a girl until he was 6. Suffered from malaria, skin cancer, anemia, depression, diabetes, high blood pressure.Etc. Survived 2 plane crashes in 2 days. Athletic prose, iceberg theory writing fashion. Major Works The Sun excessively rises, in our conviction, men w/o women, a farewell to arms, decease in the afternoon, the snows of Kilimanjaro, for whom the bell tolls, the old man and the sea. Quotes Always do sober But man is non do for defeat. Courage is g work under pressure. E actually mans life ends the like way.. Madame all stories if intended far enough end in devastation Never think that war no matter how necessary The world breaks anyone and later on legion(predicate) a(prenominal) are stronger at the broken places. The Hemingway Hero suffered traumatic go and lives.. Code Hero Big Two-Hearted River John Steinbeck Journa careenic, lyrical, biblical rhythms. Philosophy press against poverty/ social in skilfulice, combo of naturalism, romanticism, and naturalism. Major Works Tortilla Flat, The long valley, the red pony, of mice and men, the grapes of wrath, the pearl, the log from the sea of Cortez, cannery row, east of Eden, the winter of our discontent, travels with charley. Valued privacy. Wrote screenplay for Lifeboat.American books?American belles-lettres is any written engage of art that is created in the United States. American writings is like all publications, it has literary experiences and contextual hi news report of America. It depicts how America has changed is dormant changing today. American literary productions has changed over sentence just like most laws of literary whole kit. The uniqueness of American literature is that America from its beginning had a special philosophy of life and freedom. The special philosophy of life and freedom that made American literature so unique was reflected in its writings.Americans believed and had faith that God was and is the given of all our rights and freedom. We as Americans had faith in ourselves that we could succeed in anything that we try doing. The literature that we Americans wrote made life worth living because it was displayed for the world to read and recognise that life was what we made it. Also by Americans having the ability to spring support from diversity made life worth living and George Washington was a perfect co mpositors case of this. literary canon is basically a suggested list of readings that belongs to a solid ground or a certain distri nonwithstandingor point in clipping.Literary canon contains literary whole full treatment that is mainly by authors who are judge as an authority in their field and their writings constituting a honor qualified body of literature in any given language. The works that are collected that is included in a literary canon is approve largely by cultural and academic institutions and is observed as literature of that language. Literary works popularity is not ground scarcely on the quality, hardly on the relevance of what matters to the context historically, socially, and artistically.Literary canon relate very well to what is going on in society because of what is most distinguished at that date work is being written. The context of the society, whether it is historical, social, or artistic, that is basically the topic. Ethnic writers express t he special challenges of pragmatism, naturalism, and regionalism inwardly the American literary experiences. naturalism labels a purport in English, European, and American literature that gathered tie from the 1930s to the end of the century.realism attempted to record life as it was lived quite than life as it ought to be lived or had been lived in times past. William doyen Howells stated that naturalism is nothing more and nothing less than the artless handling of material. Present-day literary theorists are probably more assured of what may be cal conduct the crisis of re showation-the difference betwixt act asation and the thing represented-than were these realists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.Naturalism is dumb by some as an extension or intensification of naive realism. It introduces characters from the fringes and depths of society whose fates are determined by degenerate heredity, a sordid environment, and/or a safe(p) conduct of bad p robability. Regionalism writing, other expression of the realist impulse, contributeed from the desire some(prenominal) to preserve a record of distinctive ways of life before industrialization discharge or homogenized them and to come to terms with the harsh realities that seemed to be regenerate these early and allegedly happier times.By the end of the twentieth century, every region of the country had a local colorist to immortalize its natural, social, and linguistic features. Ethnic writers define literature as literature that is written by people of a antithetic culture, language, organized piety, or race. It differs from the canon of traditional American literature because literary canon is a list of work from American rather of from a incompatible race or religion. The historical, socio-political, and cultural topics that might be covered by ethnic writers would be slavery and how the slaves were treated during that time.Slavery is a topic that can be covered under all three. Government issues are a topic that could be covered under socio-political. The debate against government issues such as health care and taxes could be something that ethnic writers could write about. It does not differ from the canon of traditional American literature because the writings have to be by authors who are accepted as an authority in their field and their writings of literature in any given language.American LiteratureA . Some of the best names that come into perspicacity when one lectures of modern English literature and fantasies are Editha, and Kate Chopin. Their works plentypoint tall in the golden pages of modern literature, influencing most people of this generation and many more to follow. They have painted and breathed life into each character of the fabrication, The Awakening, with great magical artistic skills. Such is the greatness and worth of the artists that they are believed to have given birth to a completely new form of writing that th e modern Literature is so proud of.Hence they are considered premodern. There are some more writers such as Tolkien who have contributed immensely towards this. I believe, Mr. Tolkien has succeeded more completely than any previous writer in this genre in exploitation the traditional properties of the Quest, the heroic journey, the numinous Object, the conflict betwixt Good and Evil man at the same time satisfying our sense of historical and social pragmatism (W. H. Auden, 1956). The greater the force-out, the more dangerous is the smear. The truth in the statement is well turn out in Tolkiens The Hobbit.The author makes his political report in this twentieth-century apologue that could be relished as an elating and exhilarating story. He, very well comments upon the abuse of political power and how the poor and down trodden fall prey to the airiness of sly rulers. In the midst of haziness between an imagi nation and reality this twentieth-century f commensurate portrays th e evil in Middle-Earth as totalitarian evil and that war is an immense ingredient of this malevolence. Many premodern authors have flourished on the fantasy genre. Age cannot wither their novels nor custom stale their infinite variety.The best, modern novels seem inexhaustible. They are a permanent source of inspiration for pityingity. Fantasy literature broadly speaking encompasses unreal, non man creatures, un mutual powers, created mythologies and imaginary settings. ice, who can in like manner be termed as a premodern poet remains faithful to the speak language of his time. His language, in the poem, is a mixture of playfulness and seriousness. He portrays regionalism with its generative stock of images, blot and anecdotes. This in turn provides an abundant source for metaphors and symbols.The colloquial tone and the dramatic situation in the poem strike the referees. The ascertain at the core of fastener Wall is striking. Two men summon on terms of hefty manners an d sociability to put up a barricade between them. The mole is erected out of convention, out of tradition. save the very ground works against them as well as makes their labor thorny. The two inhabits thrust stones, sustain on top of the circumvent heretofore as a result of hunters or elves, or the chill of spirits imperceptible hand, the boulders topple downward besides again.The in imposing fashion and lack of rhyme masquerade the ploy in Petit the Poet. Some of his most praised and entertaining works occupy Petit the Poet and Seth Compton, tremendous creations of Edgar lee, best reveal his blending of wit with humor. His face-to-face and conversational style makes the reader involved in his tone and mood. He takes the reader into arrogance th or so his easy and delightful pace. Furthermore it appears sort of pragmatic with some witty interpretations.The tone is very somber and the reader cannot help but a distinct hopelessness, of the plight of gentle beings not being able to choose what they remember, and in any case that the memories cherished today, will be a lot various than the memories cherished tomorrow. C. Mending Wall Robert Frost was indwelling(p) in San Francisco, U. S. A, in 1874. Disenchanted with the lofty overmasters of many American poets, Frost opted to write about country life with which he was most familiar. In the poem, Mending Wall shows sound posturing, a form of writing found on the tones of perfunctory speech.In his charm, North of Boston (1914), Frost began to experiment with poems of monologue and dialogue, which critics have called his dramatic poems. The present poem, Mending Wall too reflects his arouse in dramatic and natural speech. The stanzas of the poem Mending Wall are straight frontward too sound more akin to an extraordinary valetkind frame of mind than a fuming portrayal of the poets populate. A partition of the rhyme scheme sends the reader into a mesmerizing situation and the tidin gss is comparatively free from portentous and dark imagery. Robert Frosts poetry is well known for its intensely personal and touching theme.A great divvy up of Frosts verse is confessional and reveals his life experiences through metaphor or explicitly. Mending Wall asserts his abhorrence for a wall or a barrier between human beings. This Frost does through the exercise of powerful imagery articulated through language, structure, and tone. A wall divides the poets land from his neighbors. They get together to perambulation to the wall and mutually mend it, when it is spring time. Something there is that doesnt love a wall, That sends the frozen-ground-swell under it, And spills the upper boulders in the sun,And makes gaps even two can pass abreast. (Lines 1-4) The speaker sees no ground for the wall to be unbrokenthere are no cows to be contained, just orchard apple tree and pine trees. He does not believe in walls for the sake of walls. The neighbor chooses to stick to his fath ers words Good fences make good neighbors. The poet remains skeptical and impishly forces the neighbor down to come across the out go out interpretation. However his neighbor will not be persuaded. The poet visualizes his neighbor as a leftover from a reasonably obsolete time. He is an make uping paradigm of an old orthodox.Nevertheless the neighbor merely goes back over the citeing. Frost retains five stressed syllables designed for each line unless he shows a discrepancy in the feet widely to maintain the usual dialogue in the rhyme. The dearth of radiance, gloom and unhappiness, have been brought into play. Perceptibly the wall is thought of as a vengeance for transparency, light and security. The turn somewhat of proceedings in the poem reiterates the dismay of hostilities and the futile misfortunes that could have been evaded if those drawn in would have scrutinized the dealings they were caught up with.Even though the reader of the poem gets the arbitrariness of the nei ghbor portrayed in the poem by Frost, he does not subsist outside of descriptions of men from the past or historical pictures. The poets neighbor is, in many senses, of a weak temperament sooner undeserving of examination because there is nothing that detaches him an ordinary human being. There is realization that hostilities are but a ploy to gain power and supremacy over the facial expressions of people. A sense of guilt revolves virtually the completed novel and expresses that wars are unfortunate and only a gamble where the leading resort to exploit the poor, down trodden masses.Mending Wall is a inactive recollection of life events and dreams that have spiraled out of control due to hostilities. The hopes and dreams that formerly seemed so right and so justifiable become shattered because of the wall that inflicts the very core of the poets soul. Frost remains faithful to the spoken language of his time. His language, in the poem, is a mixture of playfulness and seriousne ss. He portrays regionalism with its mystifying stock of images, situation and anecdotes. This in turn provides an abundant source for metaphors and symbols. The conversational tone and the dramatic situation in the poem strike the readers.The picture at the core of Mending Wall is striking. Two men convene on terms of good manners and sociability to put up a barricade between them. The wall is erected out of convention, out of tradition. Nevertheless the very ground works against them as well as makes their task thorny. The two neighbors thrust stones, back on top of the wall however as a result of hunters or elves, or the chill of tempers imperceptible hand, the boulders topple downward yet again. The work of hunters is another thing I have come after them and made invigorate Where they have left not one stone on a stone,But they would have the rabbit out of hiding,(lines 5-8) Even then, the neighbors carry on with their work of mending the wall. The poem, consequently, looks a s if it contemplates regular(prenominal)ly on themes like, human construction of blockades, breakup, and hostility. What sets in motion in un forward-looking candor ends in intricate symbolism. This wall-building work appears primeval, as it is portrayed in formal, conventional terms. It engrosses spells to work against the elves, and the neighbor comes into view as a Stone-Age savage at the same time as he lifts and carries a boulder. We have to use a spell to make them balanceStay where you are until our backs are turned We wear our fingers rough with handling them. Oh, just another kind of out-door game,(lines 18-21) Frosts treatment of objects of nature shows that he does not idealize or glorify them. His stance towards the stone wall is not in truth that of a realist, nor so much(prenominal) of a romantist. Frosts poems on natural objects are not dealt with as the starting point for the mystical meditation. similar other poems, Mending Wall carries a m spoken but the moral is indirectly presented any as a dramatic situation. Frosts poems are profoundly philosophical in spite of their homely diction.In Mending Wall, he uses symbolism to communicate a deep rooted principle. The symbolism in the poem comes out as an indirect method of communication. The poem has a surface gist but it also shows a deeper significance, which is understood only through a closer scrutiny of the poem. D. Edgar Lee Masters is acclaimed as one of the leading humorous poets of the world. He has produced some of the best works of his time. His readers have long appreciated him for his classical interpretation of human nature and several critical thematic concerns of society but yet in a most humorous, easy and light hearted representation.One of the simplest and easy flowing poems of Edgar Lee is Petit the Poet. The informal fashion and lack of rhyme masquerade the ploy in Petit the Poet. Some of his most praised and entertaining works involve Petit the Poet and Seth Compton, marvelous creations of Edgar Lee, best reveal his blending of wit with humor. His personal and conversational style makes the reader involved in his tone and mood. He takes the reader into confidence through his easy and delightful pace. Furthermore it appears quite realistic with some witty descriptions.The tone is very somber and the reader cannot help but a distinct hopelessness, of the plight of human beings not being able to choose what they remember, and also that the memories cherished today, will be much different than the memories cherished tomorrow. The poem is composed to 18 lines. The concluding verse shows an kindred allusion. Seeds in a dry pod, tick, tick, tick, Tick, tick, tick, what little iambics, date Homer and Whitman roared in the pines? The concluding part of the poem brings us backwards in time, which allows the reader to view true accounts and suffering that people have to endure in a village.Thus Petit the poet, no doubt is thought to appall us yet again but with a twist. Thus the irony in, Petit the poet, comes through as we read it. The analytical issue of Seth Compton is beauti to the full visualised with a humorous disposition. The poet describes human air through the process of loving and forgetting. The poet tactfully and with an aroma of humor, describes the social and moral matters of the modern times from the perspective of a clean hearted human being. He craftily incorporates humor to the arena and at the same time, trying to bring into light the disgrace of corruption.For this kind of his writing, he has been also long criticized for his more moderate representation of the extents of social malady of the time. The Poet is distressed to see the state of the people after death. The circulating depository library that he constructed was son disposed off. When I died, the circulating library Which I built up for Spoon River, And managed for the good of inquiring minds, Was sold at auction on the public square The poem giv es a feeling that Seth Compton has been keeping a note of all the happenings after his death.During the period when the poem was written, although seemingly flowing in a positive direction, human relations were beginning to withstand new strains, trapped now in a cleverer and more civilized society. These relations were more official and formal than social and personal. This new form of the society was less institutionalized but at the same time was more difficult to resolve or combat. This new tactic, intoxicated with the velvety diplomacies of pity, care and tolerance, made things even worse. precise ironically and rightly, the Poet criticizes the facial expressions of morality in terms of critical social concerns.American Literature go down duos celebrated novel tom sawyer beetle (1876) has primarily been considered by literary critics to slightly less accomplished on a technical and thematic level than its purported sequel, The Adventures of huckabackleberry Finn, (1885).A lthough many reasons for this discrepancy in the level of critical reception of the two works may be dependably cited, one of the contributing factors to the critical reception of tom turkey sawyer beetle both on its initial publication in the nineteenth century and during its present status in critical estimation is the function of literary realism. In short, because tomcat sawyer represents to most literary critics a less sophisticated execution of matchs literary technique, it also functions a less developed example of couplings expression by way of literary realism.Important, also, is that fact that couple was and is viewed by critics as one of Americas foremost realist writers and bitstocks realism is regarded as having had a liberating curve on American literature as a whole It led him to make use of the vernacular and ultimately to develop popular speech, as an instrument for character portrayal and effective autobiography, to near perfection, (Long 102) which, in tu rn, led to the first authentically American idiom in fiction.However, as in Huckleberry Finn, the aspects of realism (or verisimilitude) which permeate Tom sawyer beetle, also function as scaffold for fabulousal ideas and iconographic expression which directly contradicts the purpose and function of literary realism itself. In essence, by regarding realism in Tom sawyer not a governing principle of Twains aesthetic, but earlier as a tool or a literary device which is used to mystify a deeper theme or aesthetic &8212 namely romanticism &8212 can be identified.In Twains case, the romantic or idealized strains of his theme in Tom Sawyer relate directly to the myth of American expansion and victorfulness which were as prevalent cultural fascinations in nineteenth century America as they are in twenty-first century America.Before Tom Sawyer itself can be examined in light of its use of realism as a literary device, it is grave to restate what the (critical) correspondence of lit erary contemporaneousness is unfeignedly all about and what literary modernism meant to the writers who comprised the movement in its earliest stages and what literary realism way of life to contemporary literary critics, and itemally those critics who have turned their energies to explicating Tom Sawyer.It should also be pointed out that Twain presents special problems even for the most studious and energetic of critics because his work is founded, first adn foremost upon humor, which is a very difficult literary premise to determine and define in critical terms. Despite the fact that criticism is notoriously helpless in the posture of writing that is really funny (Smith 1), specific aesthetic principles and influences can be rooted out and separated to some extent from the over-riding satirical vision in Twains work.Any attempted critical understanding would be greatly aided in first accepting Twain as a literary realist as this designation is the most carpetbag as to openin g a clear window into the purported purpose and themes of Twains writings. Literary realism comprised an artistic response to the changing social conditions beginning in the 19th century which saw a dominant allele rise of industry, science, and grounds in western culture. Realism attempted to develop a literary idiom which was able to convincingly portray the actual events and circumstances of life.The movement toward realism can be seen as an artistic mode of grappling hook with changing and frightening circumstances of western culture. In addition to quest out themes of social significance, writers such as Zola, Dos Passos, Eliot and Flaubert &8212 advanced a archives technique which jettisoned rhetorica stylized language of luxurious expression designed to demonstrate that the writer had mastered the tradition of civil lettersfor everyday speech, (Borus 22) so that highly-stylized narratives still evoked the realism of everyday speech and everyday life.Part of the technique of literary realism involved the use of vocabulary, sometimes encompassingly, to create the sense of verisimilitude which was essential to the realist aesthetic. The combination of real-world dialect and the studies technique of the realist writers resulted in a unique blend of linguistic styles which resulted in a generating a set of readers who considered themselves cultivated readers of dialect, (Barrish 37). because realist writers sought to evoke in extensive detail, the living settings of their works, many realist writers were committed to regionalism &8212 that is, they wrote about the world they experienced directly.Examples of this are Faulkner who wrote extensively about a assumed Confederate county which was based on counties which actually pull throughed. Realist writers desired to create fiction that felt and read as close to real life as possible in score to allow readers to see and experience aspects of life which would otherwise have remained unknowable to th em. With this bit of critical history in mind, one further aspect remains quite important relative to Twain and that is the fact that realism as a head principle of criticism (Smith 5) has been rigidly and exhaustively applied to Twains work with the resulting conclusion that shortcomings have led to its gradual giving up during the last quarter of a century on both sides of the Atlantic. (Smith 5). What are these shortcomings, specifically? The answer to that question is complex and lies in the seemingly super nature of Twains realism. The fact that Twains realism is distinct from naturalism or rigorously journalistic writing is his sophisticated employment of realism as a device, rather than as a guiding principle of theme or overall technical approach.In other words, because Mark Twains realism does not fall apart at externals (Smith 29) that same realism must by necessity engage emotional, psychological, and spiritual (or mythic) concepts and identities which are by defin ition elusive of any realistic line drawing. By delving deeper than externals Twain must, by necessity, abandon verisimilitude as a guiding aesthetic principle and instead accept it as a device, like a single color on a painters pallette.In order to elaborate this somewhat elusive point, it must be emphasized that Twains external realism is devastatingly powerful adn accurate, almost photo-realistically so. Twain is obviously quite capable of conveying the special atmosphere of each characteristic environment (Smith 29) and from this mastery of description of the external world, the reader is led to trust that Twains excursions into the inner world will be just as faithfully rendered and just as obviously based on reality. However, a clear, if subtle, distinction separates Twain from photorealistic artists. A secern aspect to Twains particular use of realism is that His purpose is not to say everything, nor even to present everything in an objective way (Smith 30) but render th e impression that what is described, whether it be a river, or a young boys stream-of-consciousness inner-monologue, is a faithful representation of the actual world.By rendering the impression of realism rather than a rote copy of nature, Twain allows himself to pursue his inquiries into reality with alter intensity, to support his observations with a wider or a narrower range of evidence (Smith 30) and, by doing so, achieves an acumen which is capable of misleading he reader into mistaking what is actually a mythic or romantic impression as a realistic observation.To demonstrate this concretely, a single mythic aspect of Tom Sawyer can be isolated and compared with Twains realistic prose-style to indicate the duality of his narrative idiom, where realism generally indicates, if at an oblique angel, a mythic undertone. For example, the esteem-hunt sub-plot of Tom Sawyer conveys the uniquely American myth of striking it rich through pure luck adn adventure.This is in fact a very durable American myth, the myth that anyone despite his or her stature in life can hit pay-dirt quickly, blindly, almost accidentally (Coulombe 16) and like Huck and Tom become rich entirely by good luck (Coulombe 16). Such a myth was used by Twain not only in Tom Sawyer and in his other of his fictional works, but also as an attribute of his own author-persona.Twain cultivated a deliberate distortion of his biography by attempting to further the notion that his accomplishments were everyday and intuitivea rustic genius rising naturally to the top (Coulombe 16). In this case, literary biography plays a contributing role to thematic explication because Twains true experience belied the myth he inserted into Tom Sawyer regarding riches adn the pursuit of adventure. In reality, Twain was a careerist who worked diligently, even desperately, to earn success and money (Coulombe 17).The aforementioned biographical detail is mentioned merely to illustrate that Twain,had he been truly int erested in being a literary realist and line drawing the authentic world he had experienced would have obviously push aside any mythical treasure hunt ending in blind, demented fortune as being over-the-top romantic, and perhaps even foolish. At this point, it is useful to examine the manner by which Twain attempts to insert verisimilitude into what is essentially a mythic fantasy.he does so retrospectively by describing what appears to be a very convincing description of the rection of the little town of St. Petersburg to the boys discovery of treasure THE reader may rest satisfied that Toms and Hucks windfall made a mighty stir in the poor little village of St. Petersburg. So vast a sum, all in actual cash, seemed next to incredible. It was talked about, gloated over, glorified, until the reason of many of the citizens tottered under the strain of the unhealthy excitement.Every haunted house in St. Petersburg and the neighboring villages was dissected, plank by plank, and its f oundations dug up and ransacked for underground treasureand not by boys, but menpretty grave, unromantic men, too, some of them. (Twain 285) This attempt to balance a romantic myth with a deliberately anti-romantic description of the aftermath of the discovery is thorough right down to Twains choice of diction.The word unromantic is specifically clever and powerful in forwarding a sense that Twains treasure hunt is grounded in reality and not in a boyish, culturally incited fantasy. Every detail seems to have been accounted for right down to the observation that The village paper published biographical sketches of the boys (Twain 285) which made them celebrities. Here it is enkindle to note that Twains romantic stir and his urge to restrain his story in verisimilitude are operating at fitting strength and simultaneously.If Twain is capable of obscuring what are essentially romantic myths to a lower place a veneer of realism as was demonstrated by the forward description of his expression of the rags to riches myth of America, what other myths might be discovered under the narrative surface of Tom Sawyer? Obviously, because Twain embraces the presence of madness in American as a part of his role as a realist writer, depictions of violence and of death in Twain deserve special attention in regard to the myths they may or may not express beneath the highly detailed and signally accurate level of narrative description employed by Twain.While it is true that &8212 for Twain The sight of a pistol blazing or natural language flashing, followed by the red blood gushing from a death wound, was actuality (Long 99) it is also conspicuously true that Twains depiction of violence in Tom Sawyer is not prevailing, and as in the realism of Howells, and that in Twain happiness, not sorrow, was the general rule (Long 99) despite the actuality of violence and death in human experience.One might rightly ask how is such a proposition that violence and death do not preclu de human happiness based in realism? Plainly, one does not require an observational adn descriptive acumen that is equal to Twains to readily perceive that violence and death in the real world oft do preclude human happiness. Clearly, Twains depiction of violence, like his depiction of material ambition and the attainment of wealth, partakes of a mythic rather then realistic expression.This mythic appraisal of violence and human mortality allows Twain to establish the entire framework of Tom Sawyer on the mythic scaffolding of death and rebirth. In fact, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is constructed on a loose framework whose major elements include games of death and games of resurrection (Aspiz) and these games are purely mythic rather than realistic both in conception and execution.Because it is mythic violence and mythic death that Tom interacts with in the novel, he and the other characters depicted in the novel seem to exist on the manic edge beyond which lurks the menace of de struction and the unusual (Aspiz) but the teetering over and falling over the edge which is repeatedly depicted by Twain in Tom Sawyer results in the illusion that all experience is ultimately reducible to entertainment (Aspiz).Imagination is stronger than the mere presence of death and its associated pains in Twains fictional world, which is propelled in part by startlingly realistic descriptions and observational details. The result is paradoxical Murder, grave-robbing, the withholding of life-saving evidence, impulses to suicide, pretended disasters, numerous close brushes with death, the violation of sanguinary oaths, wrenching fear and guilt, and unnumerable suppressions of the truth and miscarriages of justice are all transformed, through masterful instrumentality and narrative control, into entertainment.(Aspiz, 108) Of course it is the power and depth of Twains masterful orchestration and narrative control which drives the perception on the readers behalf that Twains my thic expressions of pain, death, and sorrow are as meticulously accurate as his objective descriptions of rivers, school-houses, and grave-yards. The paradox is born out of the divergence of the mythic and realist strains of Twains own consciousness and his narrative expression. The character of Tom Sawyer is, himself, an expression of this paradox and duality.Tom is ultimately portrayed as heroic, but also realistically, so that his flaws can be easily spotted and used to increase the ironic impact of the novel. In fact, careful study of Toms behavior throughout the novel reveals that Tom was neither noble nor pure. Rather, he was frequently vindictive, violent, and obscuremuch like the natural world to which he was colligate (Coulombe 129) and &8212 ironically &8212 it is within this construction of nature, as a character, that Twain achieves a more dour and realistic expression.Twains impulse to romanticize even human bigotry is evident in his depiction of red man Joe and gasc onade Potter, during the trial-scene when bollix fallaciously confesses to murdering the twist around. Historical reality dictates that it was white men who cam and tricked the native American tribes out of their lands and destroyed their culture, a fact readily available to anyone, even in Twains time, who cared to exert minimal energy doing research.However, rather than seizing on this massive historical reality, Twain opts to facilitate the extant prejudice against racial types that existed in his time, and continue to exist, by positing a mythic half-breed, Injun Joe, who is more cunning and diabolical than the white society he despises. During the trial scene, Muff Potter is confronted with his knife which was used by Injun Joe to slay the Doctor in the cemetery.Potters reaction is pitiful Potter lifted his face and looked around him with a pathetic hopelessness in his look. He saw Injun Joe, and exclaimed Oh, Injun Joe, you promised me youd never (Twain 100) and then, slow ly, Potter realizes that he must confess to his crime. The reverse gear of historical reality is chilling. In reality, Native Americans were often controlled and victimized with strong drink and in Twains depiction, the half-breed, Injun Joe, has turned these realities on their head.It is the Indian who is dastardly and manipulative and it is the white man, Muff Potter, who is drunkenly victimized and falsely sentenced to death. Such reversals under the fluent realism of Twains technique can only be considered, rightly, as propaganda. By no stretch of the imagination can propaganda ever be regarded as realistic or objective, so it is obvious that on at least three major themes materialism, mortality, and racial prejudice, Twain embraces a mythic, rather than realistic, mode of expression in Tom Sawyer.Again, as in the treasure-hunt scenario, Twain attempts to balance his mythically driven conceptualization of race with what appears to be a rotund adn realistic description of the court-room itself and the boys reaction to Potters confession Then Huckleberry and Tom stood dim and staring, and heard the stony-hearted liar reel off his serene statement, they expecting every aftermath that the clear sky would deliver Gods lightnings upon his head, (Twain 100).This passage, in fact, only strengthens the essentially culturally chauvinistic impulse of the courtroom scene by positing the half-breed no only as a notorious murderer but as an enemy of the white mans God. Twains romanticism may be rightly regarded as determinant in the thematic expression of Tom Sawyer. In every case, it is mythic impulse rather than natural or historical realism that drives both the conceptualization and execution of the scenes in Tom Sawyer and the associated themes which these scenes express.Rather than solidification the aesthetic ideas of literary realism, Twains use of the idiom in Tom Sawyer is sublimated to his interest in forwarding culturally resonant, American myths which would manifestly engage and entertain his audience. It is quite possible that Twains own material ambitions, as previously mentioned, drove, at least in part, his decision to make a literary concession throughout Tom Sawyer to romantic myths, a concession which completely eradicated any claim that might be made on Twains behalf that the novel embodied literary realism.Works Cited Aspiz, Harold. Tom Sawyers Games of Death. Studies in the falsehood 27. 2 (1995) 141+. Barrish, Phillip. American Literary Realism, Critical Theory, and Intellectual Prestige, 1880- 1995. Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press, 2001. Borus, Daniel H. Writing Realism Howells, James, and Norris in the Mass Market. Chapel Hill, NC University of North Carolina Press, 1989.Coulombe, Joseph L. Mark Twain and the American West. Columbia, MO University of Missouri Press, 2003. Long, E. Hudson. Mark Twain Handbook. brand-new York Hendricks House, 1957. Smith, Henry Nash, ed. Mark Twain A Collection of Cri tical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1963. Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. New York P. F. Collier & Sons, 1920.American LiteratureIf I was educateing a course in American Literature since 1865, the texts that I would choose to teach would be Tulips by Sylvia Plath, Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman, Sula by Toni Morrison, omniscient Blood by Flannery OConnor, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Housekeeping by Marilynne Robinson, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Daisy Miller by Henry James, and Drown by Junot Diaz.I feel that it is important to chronologically span the 150 or so years of literature in this time period, to choose a diversity of authors in terms of sex activity, race and sexuality, to represent the nation regionally as well as possible, to include texts that think on important issues in the nation including immigration, gender equality and race relations, and to point on texts that are comparatively accessible and reflect the time period in which they are written. With these texts, I feel that this is accomplished.Chronologically, this list is relatively complete there are texts that represent the period of reconstruction (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) and that are from around ten years ago (Drown). Indeed, different aspects of this list speak to the Industrial Revolution and ever-changing face of America through scientific advancement, and others dissertate the ways that race and gender exist in the time period in which they are written (The Yellow Wallpaper and Sula, for example).Further, not only do these texts represent a breadth of time periods, but they also show different regions of the United States, including the southmost (Wise Blood) and the West (Housekeeping), with the typical representation of the Northeast and many texts that are not necessarily interchange to any specific region.Through providing a diversity of chron ological and regional representation, I feel that students, especially in a nation that is not as familiar with the United States as we are, would be able to get a better feel of how the United States changed over the past 150 years and how the different regions of the United States face different challenges. Just as its important to represent different literal aspects of the United States, its just as important to represent the diversity of people that make the nation up.By providing works from authors like Toni Morrison and Junot Diaz, students would get a perspective on the African American and immigrant experience in the United States, respectively. Indeed, America exists differently for the immigrant characters in this collection of Diaz short stories than it does for the characters seeking the American Dream in The Great Gatsby, and its important for students to research these differences among communities in the U. S.Indeed, this collection of texts also reflects issues that are of the utmost importance in the United States Tulips and The Yellow Wallpaper discuss what it means to be a woman and how motherhood or marriage can trap women, for example. Wise Blood explores the intricacies of religion, and more specifically Christianity, in the South, and Sula thoroughly discusses how black Americans live in the Bottom while whites live at the top long after the conclusion of the courteous War.Students reading my list of texts would be exposed to a breadth of issues, while also reading canonical literature that explores natures such as Leaves of Grass and the work of Henry James and his take on relationships and people. All of the works that are included in this list cover so many different aspects of American Literature, and together they paint a picture that represents the time period and nation as well as any ten-piece collection can.Regionally, canonically and chronologically, the list covers all of the essential points present in American literature , and it also touches on sixfold issues of diversity within the texts as well as issues central to American culture in these different time periods. These poems, short stories, novellas and novels are an excellent window into American Literature as well as the ever-ubiquitous American culture, and I would be excited to teach these texts to any classroom. 2nd Essay southerly Literature is fraught with guilt, struggle and a resistance to dominant American cultural norms.Three of the most important authors in southerly Lit, Zora Neale Hurston, William Faulkner and Flannery OConnor, are all incredibly attentive to issues important to all Southern people, but they each discuss Southern life in a different form. While all three deal with the integral issues of race relations in the South, the constant struggle with the separation of the North from the South, and what exactly it means to have a Southern identity element, each of these authors does this in a very different manner.Hurston focuses on African American dialect and unique experiences within those communities, Faulkner traditionally discusses close-knit small town communities in a stream of consciousness and highly narrative manner, and OConnor takes a highly moralistic tone, with a focus on religion and confederacy in the South. Hurstons soapsuds is similar to her most historied Their Eyes Were watching God in that gender struggles and dialect within African American communities are showcased. Indeed, one of the central conflicts in eliminate is the struggle for strength within the relationship between Delia and Sykes Jones.Even though aspects of Southern femininity and masculinity are inherent to this struggle, femininity is the focus as this is typical of Hurston and the protagonist, and thereby where the readers sympathies more dominantly lie, is with Delia Jones. The work focuses on how African American communities exist, with a focus on Delias sing and the music thats present, thereby demonstr ating a focus on an oral tradition that doesnt necessarily exist within Faulkner and OConnors work.Further, the end of the short story demonstrates how women are able to obtain dominance in relationships, if they ever are able to do so, through Sykes terrible death. Indeed, this story demonstrates many of Hurstons focuses, and it shows typical struggles within Southern African American communities in terms of gender relations and oral traditions versus dominant narratives. Faulkners Barn desirous is different from this in that its focus is on a father and son, and also on the town in which the characters live.Indeed, the story begins in The store in which the justice of the Peaces court was sitting and continues to focus on the actual location and Southern-ness of the setting. Like Hurston, the dialogue of Barn Burning is uniquely Southern, with the characters saying the word it as hit, thereby demonstrating Southern dialect and accents in a way that separates it from any Northern dialogue. Also like Hurstons work, the story discusses race relations in the South, though necessarily from a white perspective instead of a black perspective.Because of this, the community at the center of the story is a white community instead of a black community, and it thereby emphasizes race relations and oppressive institutions within Southern society instead of exploring the ways in which African American communities form themselves. While there are no explicit OConnor works on the syllabus, it would be remiss to discuss Southern writing without using OConnor as an example.In her A Good Man is unexpressed to Find, for example, the explicit focus of the narrative is on what it means to be a good person, and how a criminal is not necessarily a more evil and corrupt person than a grandmother without good intentions. While the criminal who murders the family who are at the center of the story is clearly not a good man, neither is the matriarchal grandmother who is central to t he story indeed, she would have been good if it had been somebody there to shoot her every atomic number 42 of her life. OConnor discusses Southern society in terms of morality and religion throughout her novels and short stories, and within this discussion also exists issues of race relations, Southern society and dialect, and other things. Indeed, OConnor, Faulkner and Hurston all recognize the differences between the South and other regions in the United States, the unique moral and community systems that exist there, and demonstrate these aspects differently. 3rd Essay William Carlos Williams The Red Wheelbarrow and e.e. cummings my pleasant old etcetera both rely on illicit, modernist poetic form and use this form to convey separate messages. Williams poem uses its form to put fierceness on a dependence on the smallest things indeed, the form and subject of The Red Wheelbarrow hinge on the castbarrow itself, and demonstrate how form and subject are both integral to a poem s ultimate message. Similarly, cummings unconventional form is different from almost any other poet and uses multiple definitions of etcetera.Both poems show how form is as essential to function as subject and literal messages are, and both use this form to reiterate the meaning of the poem. Williams The Red Wheelbarrow is from a time period in which poets were able to play with form and think more consciously about how a poem can be unconventional in form and still convey a message. Indeed, this poem more or less relies on form to convey that message. What is so interesting about this poem is that there is no terribly clear message in the poem in fact, it initially seems to not say much of anything and instead to toy around with words.However, the way the poem is structured, the seemingly insignificant nouns are placed at the forefront. As the poem reads, so much depends / upon / a red wheel / barrow (lines 1-4). Here, the poem does in fact depend on the barrow every couplet in Th e Red Wheelbarrow hinges upon a second one-word line that consists of a relatively common and insignificant noun. The nouns continue to posit the poem. The red wheelbarrow is glazed with rain / water / beside the white / chickens (lines 5-8), presentation that while each couplet is grounded by the final one-worded line, the entire poem is grounded by the wheelbarrow.Indeed, all of the lines refer back to it it is the thing that is glazed with rainwater, and it is the thing that is beside the white chickens. The first couplet itself makes it increasingly clear that the wheelbarrow is at the center of this poem in multiple ways everything in the poem depends on it literally, as is stated in the first two lines, but it is also structurally at the center of the poem. William Carlos Williams is able to use this unconventional form to make a statement about what is important after all, how can so much depend on a wheelbarrow unless Williams demonstrates it in this unconventional way?Si milarly, e. e. cummings poem my sweet old etcetera challenges ideas of what the etcetera of the poem is by introducing it in a form that allows multiple interpretations. Indeed, the poem begins with my sweet old etcetera / aunt lucy (lines 1-2), and also includes references to it as not to / mention shirts fleaproof earwarmers / etcetera wristers etcetera (lines 11-13), my / mother hoped that / I would die etcetera (lines 13-15), my / self etcetera lay quietly (lines 19-20), and dreaming, / et / cetera, of / Your smile / eyes knees and of your Etcetera (lines 23-27).All of these uses of etcetera are different and challenge what exactly the word means indeed, the word literally refers to a continuing list of things, but here sometimes its used in an apathetic sense, sometimes as a euphemism, and other times as its definition connotes. Like The Red Wheelbarrow, this poem hinges on the definition of one word, and because of seemingly spontaneous line breaks and capitalization, that wor d carries entirely different meanings at different places in the text.Interestingly, in the last parenthetical notation, etcetera refers to both the never-ending list of actions of the speaker and also, presumably, the body of the woman who is being described, thereby showing the many definitions of the word. Both The Red Wheelbarrow and my sweet old etcetera use relatively unconventional form to challenge traditional notions of established words and concepts. By relying on a different method of poetry and description, both writers are able to disrupt these ideas that are so closely tied to the words, and also to redefine both the words and the poetic form that they are using to describe them.4th Essay If I could choose any two authors to explore more fully, I would pick Zora Neale Hurston and Henry James to look at further. Not only are these two authors very different in terms of their writing styles, but they also are from different time periods and different literary perspective s, with Hurston generally describing communities and concrete people more fully while James writes conceptually and canonically in a way that focuses on narrative and other literary forms.Both authors speak to different audiences, both of which I at least partially identify with, and I look forward to reading more by each author. In this course, we read Sweat by Hurston, which I wrote about for one of my other essays. I really enjoy this work not only because I enjoy Southern literature, but also because it focuses on a different aspect of identity than many of the authors that weve read in this course.Indeed, Hurston focused on African American oral narratives, and was actually often involved in sociological work and gathering African American folktales to preserve in writing instead of simply within an oral tradition. Because her life was not always dog-tired in looking at writing through a austere literary lens, I think that she has a unique perspective in representing life as it truly exists within communities that are not typically discussed in popular fiction.She herself grew up in an African American town, and is oddly knowledgeable and gifted and representing these types of communities. I would love to read Their Eyes Were Watching God if only because it is similar to Sweat but, as a novel instead of a short story, allows more time to delve into a characters mindset and to develop a sense of what it means to live within an African American community. Further, I think that Hurston has a unique and powerful style that explores language in a way that many authors simply dont.She is able to write using life-threatening symbolism and metaphors throughout her prose, but shes also able to interesting, intelligently and authentically portray the language that exists within black southern communities, something that most authors would not even think about discussing. Indeed, because of her early life in a unique community that most canonical authors do not understand, her sociological work on oral narratives within black communities, her interesting view on language and style, and her emphasis on womens issues and gender equality, I would love to look more closely at Zora Neale Hurstons body of literature.Henry James is also an incredibly important figure in American Literature, but for very different reasons than Hurston. Indeed, James style is not as accessible or engaging as Hurstons often is, and he is much more cerebral in the issues that he chooses to tackle. As Daisy Miller demonstrates, though, James has a terrific understanding of how to manipulate narrative to show multiple dimensions of characters, and his other work demonstrates this even further.The novel which I would most like to read by him is The Turn of the Screw, primarily because it is both a frame narrative (similar to the Canterbury Tales), which provides many unique and interesting insights into narrative, and also because it is a unique version of a ghost story that is much more literary in style than most of what gets represented in popular culture today. Because James is so able to take on narrative, I enjoyed Daisy Miller thoroughly not only were the characters deep, complex, round and interesting, but the timeline was also challenging.I really enjoy reading Henry James because he is, in many ways, timeless while his work is obviously dated in certain ways in terms of subject and the setting, the human condition is so central to everything that he writes that it can be understood outside of this context. Because of his narrative abilities, interest in the human psyche and innate human struggles, challenging prose that pushes different ideas of symbolism and identity, and the innovative subjects that he chooses to write about, I would also very much enjoy looking at what else Henry James has written.