Business Analysis of Black and Decker Essay -- Black and Decker Busine

Business Analysis of Black and Decker 1. FINDINGS Black and Deckers DeWalt line has been so successful in the USA that it is now the standard for both the paid-Industrial and the Professional-Tradesman grocery segments. Nolan Archibald, Chairman, President and CEO of Black and Decker (B&D) saw the potential in 1994 to increase the companies food merchandise share through oecumenic sales of B&D products. While the company had a definite presence in the European Consumer Power Tools market segment, it lacked penetration in the Professional Power Tools segment. On the other hand, in Japan, where there was a huge market for professional power tools, B&Ds market penetration was negligible compared to its competitors. B&Ds vision for DeWalt is to be the global Value Power Tool provider of choice for every Professional Tradesperson and all worldwide Industrial markets. Based on the facts, the product managers of the DeWalt line have developed a global strategy based on the following co nclusions DeWalt is a extremely successful product in the US market. B&D must leverage its brand identity and marketing strategies employed in the US and to a fault capitalize on their established quality and pricing. B&D must explore the formation of strategic alliances with local distributors. Multiple and/or hybrid bring must be used to reach customers quickly and as effectively as possible. Through a global strategy, B&D can allurement to consumer homogeneity by offering lower product costs while maintaining high product quality. The lower product costs derived from the economies of scale will maximize customer value exchange. B&D must aggressively employ a hybrid push-pull communication strategy to be successful in the ii markets. This will enable B&D to get the DeWalt name out to more customers in a diverse geography. While Elu has performed better than B&D Professional and B&D Proline product lines in the European market, its lack-luster revenues compel B&D to replac e the Elu product line with the DeWalt line. There exists cultural differences among the US market and the European and Japanese markets. While the European market is similar to that of the US, the Japanese market warrants a thorough study of local conditions in the first place entering it. The global strategy must consider factors such as brand loyalty, product recognition, brand image and channel intermediaries.... ...se transit advertising. quest is a tabulated set of recommendations and associated timeframes Recommendations Implementation Plan/Responsible Party Timeframe 1 Combine Professional Product Lines in Europe Market DeWalt as the Professional Product/ merchandising & Sales task force Immediately 2 Maximize Market Potential Offer competitive prices, value, variety of products/ Product director/Sales task force Immediately 3 Maximize Market Potential Provide Sales and Customer service support to distribution conduct/ Sales task force & manufacturing Immediately 4 Us e Distribution Channels to their potential Use existing assembly plants Europe to centralize manufacturing and do in implementing JIT delivery systems / Manufacturing & Product Manager Immediately 5 Employ hybrid push pull communication strategy Advertise, provide informational seminars, demonstrations / Sales & Marketing Task force Immediately 6 Compile data and interpret Japanese market Form a task force that consists of a interpreter from manufacturing, marketing, sales, and product management to study and interpret the data. Immediately /Ongoing study DeWalt in Europe and Japan Marketing and Product Management

Love in Knights Tale and Wife of Baths Tale Essay -- Chaucers Cante

Love in Knights Tale and Wife of Baths Tale The Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer around 1386, is a collection of narration told by pilgrims on a religious pilgrimage. Two of these tales, The Knights Tale and The Wife of Baths Tale, involve different kinds of adore and different love relationships. Some of the loves be based on nobility, some are forced, and some are based on mutual respect for distributively partner. My idea of love is one that combines aspects from each of the tales told in The Canterbury Tales. In The Knights Tale, the love between the two knights and Emelye is intensely powerful. The love that Palomon and Arcite feel towards Emelye is so strong that the two knights feel that it is worth more(prenominal) than their own lives. At one point, Palomon tells Arcite that he shall either have Emelye or he shall bump. The love that Palomon feels for Emelye is so overwhelming that he is willing to take on an armed man, in mortal combat, just for the love of a woman. Perhaps he feels that without her, he will surely die, so why not die trying to win her? The ironic fact about the relationship between each knight and Emelye is the fact that Emelye does not wish to marry either of the knights. She is aware(p) that she is just a prized possession, one that is not fully known, because she has never exchanged a single word with either gentleman. However, in that time period, she could not intimately express her feelings, and if she were able to, those feelings would most likely be ignored. Like already work forcetioned, this is so ironic because Arcite and Palomon are about to kill each other for Emelyes love and she doesnt want to be loved by either of them. She enjoys the thrills of maidenhood too much to have them ended by ... .... The Wife of Bath has used men in her life for riches. She leans toward a feminist nature and seems resentful toward most men. For women, she is easy to respect and admire. She is an intelligent woman, however, she may not know the limits of her games. That is the beauty of society. Thousands of age after this novel has been written, men and women still don not know what one another want. In taking both Psychology and Sociology this year, I apprehend to grasp a better understanding on how both sexes co-exist with one another. Works ConsultedChaucer, Geoffrey. The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale. From The Riverside Chaucer, Third Edition. Ed. Larry D. Benson. New York Houghton Mifflin, 1987.Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. Norton Anthology of man Masterpieces. Ed Mack, Maynard et al. W. W. Norton and Co. New York, NY. 1992. 1551-1621.

The Scarlet Letter :: Essays Papers

The Scarlet LetterIn this fresh Hester Prynee is represented in some(prenominal)different ways. Before this story starts she was sent tocapital of Massachusetts by her husband (Roger Chillingworth) who was supposedto be meeting her there shortly. He never conveys it, sheassumes he died at sea. While in Boston she meets Rev.Dimmesdale she has an affair with him and gets pregnent. Hethen starts to ignore her. Months later when everyone findsout about her illegitimate daughter (Pearl) and that she isun married. She is looked upon with great sin. When she isfirst introduced into the novel she is in the prison. Sheemerges wearing an elaborately emroidered scarlet letterA (meaning adultery) on her breast, and carries her 3month old infant in her arms. She is led onto the scaffoldwhere she has to patronize in fron of the whole town as part ofher punishment. While on the scaffold she has flashbacks ofher old life, this is where we first learn about the realHester Prynne. The rest of her punishment is that she has towear the scarlet A for the rest of her life. The Rev. Mr.Dimmesdale p returns with Hester to tell the name of the manshe had a sexual affair with, but she will not. After the 3hours she is lead back to the prison with Pearl. At thispoint in the novel we learn that back in England Hester wasmarried to a man, Roger Chillingworth. This man is now inBoston and comes to visit Hesters prison cell. Hester andDimmesdale discuss who is at fault for her affair. He admitsthat he will find the father though. When Hester is releasedfrom prison she has the choice to go anywhere in the world,but she chooses to stay in Boston where she commited her sinand where she will have her punishment. She starts sewingand sells her garments but puritan society never acceptsher. Believes A allows her to see culpable and immoralfeelings in other people. Hesters strength is most seen whenshe goes to the Governers mansion to plead for her daughter. In the following years Hester an d Dimmesdale start speakingagain. Now you will be able to see her weaker side.Shefalls in love with him all over, they plan to leave Bostonand move to Bristol, England and live the rest of theirlives there. But they never make it, When Hester dies she isburried next to Dimmesdale. Physically Hester at thebegining of the novel is a tall young woman with a figure of

A Comparison of Heroes in Beowulf and A Lesson Before Dying :: comparison compare contrast essays

Everyday Heroes in Beowulf and A Lesson Before Dying     Ernest Gaines novel, A Lesson Before Dying, is a story about, Jefferson, a black man who is wrongfully charged with a crime he did non commit. He cannot get a fair trial because he is a black man in the south. He is sentenced to be executed, but before he dies Grant, an educated black man, teaches him how to walk like a man, so people do not think of him as a hog. Beowulf is an epic poem over one thousand years old, which was told from one generation to another. It is about, Beowulf, a great hero who defeats three different monsters to continue the kingdom. In his last battle he is very much older than before and is killed by a dragon. A hero does something that other people do not do and he does things for others, and other people look to a hero for guidance.   Grant does something that other blacks can not do he goes to college. Most blacks do not get the opportunity to go to college, but Grant we nt as soon as he was old enough. When he returned he was a conditioned man, but he was still treated the same way as he was before he went to college. Grant is able to teach Jefferson how to be a man, and Jefferson learns that he is somebody. ... I cry cause you been so good to me mr wigin an nobody aint never been that good to me an make me think im somebody(Gaines 232) No one else is dependant to help Jefferson they all depend on Grant to teach him, and Jefferson appreciates it so much it brings him to tears.   Beowulf is able to do something that no one else has ever done in time though many people have tried. He is able to kill Grendel because he uses Grendels own size to hurt him. Beowulf grabs Grendels arm and pulls it until Grandel finally escapes. He twist in pain, And the bleeding sinews deep in his shoulder Snapped, muscle and bone split And broke(Beowulf 34). Grendel was so big that when Beowulf pulled his arm there was too much pressure on it and it started to tear.

french revolution:peasants becoming oppressed. :: essays research papers

By the 18th century the third estate became sensitive of their oppression through various sources. These sources include the Influence of philosophers and the Echoes of the American war of independence. Goodwin states, the aim of the French philosophers, of the eighteenth century, was to liberate mankind from the fitter of ignorance and from subservience of outmoded practices. D. Richard further illustrated that philosophers such as, Rousseau, Voltaire, Monesquieu and the encyclopedias feed contributed to the uprising of the third estate, within the rotary motion.In fact, Voltaires, influence within the revolution was mainly directed towards the corrupt government, ecclesiastical bigotry, security review and cruel and arbitrary penal systems at the church. D.Richards further stated he poured scorn on the pretensions of the church and folly of the government and the credibility of those who are taken by both. His cry for injustice and brave actions, allowed him to receive treme ndous gratitude from the third estate.As a matter a fact, Voltaire was the most influential philosopher within the revolution to challenge. Rousseau also influenced the third estate. Rousseau preached the equality of man, he later attacked justice Men though born free are every where in chains, and plain in the government he said. Rousseau according to A. Goodwin claimed that the only legitimate state was one that expressed the General will (the will of the people as a whole) which is inspired by good motives and directed only in the common interest. His contract social (social contract) of 1762 envisaged free men guaranteeing each other natural rights. Historians have concluded that Rousseau, inspired the people emotionally, preparing them to retaliate.Another radical, Montesquieu inspired the third estate within ideas. His aim mainly was to focus on various parts of parlements and its unfair implications, towards the third estate.Alongside, the three philosophes mentioned above. Diderot and the encyclopedias also contributed to the influence of the revolution.He, like Voltaire, preached the injustice of the church practices and government. He criticized the heavy burden of taxation upon the third estate. He suggested that the unsufferable acts of taxation be abolished with the exception of land tax, which was chiefly paid by the clergy and nobles for Diderot and the encyclopedias the common good was supreme law and government therefore the general cheer of society.Besides the philosophes, the physiocrates played a vital role in the usurpation of the revolution .A. Goodwin also noted that, the physiocrates, led by Rivere, supported freedom of contract, and specifically demanded scientific government to replace the irrationality of privileged.

french revolution:peasants becoming oppressed. :: essays research papers

By the 18th century the third estate became aware of their oppression through various sources. These sources include the Influence of philosophers and the Echoes of the American war of independence. Goodwin states, the remove of the French philosophers, of the eighteenth century, was to liberate mankind from the fitter of ignorance and from subservience of outmoded practices. D. Richard further illustrated that philosophers such as, Rousseau, Voltaire, M unitarysquieu and the encyclopedias have contributed to the uprising of the third estate, within the renewing.In fact, Voltaires, solve within the revolution was mainly directed towards the corrupt government, ecclesiastical bigotry, censorship and cruel and arbitrary penal systems at the church. D.Richards further stated he poured eliminate on the pretensions of the church and folly of the government and the credibility of those who are taken by both. His cry for injustice and brave actions, allowed him to receive tremendous gratitude from the third estate.As a matter a fact, Voltaire was the most influential philosopher within the revolution to challenge. Rousseau also influenced the third estate. Rousseau preached the equality of man, he later attacked justice Men though born free are every where in chains, and even in the government he said. Rousseau according to A. Goodwin claimed that the only legitimate state was one that expressed the General will (the will of the people as a whole) which is inspired by good motives and directed only in the public interest. His stupefy social (social contract) of 1762 envisaged free men guaranteeing each other natural rights. Historians have concluded that Rousseau, inspired the people emotionally, preparing them to retaliate.Another radical, Montesquieu inspired the third estate within ideas. His aim mainly was to focus on various parts of parlements and its unfair implications, towards the third estate.Alongside, the three philosophes mentioned above. Diderot and the encyclopedias also contributed to the influence of the revolution.He, like Voltaire, preached the injustice of the church practices and government. He criticized the heavy burden of taxation upon the third estate. He suggested that the intolerable acts of taxation be abolished with the exception of land tax, which was chiefly paid by the clergy and nobles for Diderot and the encyclopedias the common good was supreme law and government therefore the general happiness of society.Besides the philosophes, the physiocrates played a vital role in the usurpation of the revolution .A. Goodwin also noted that, the physiocrates, led by Rivere, supported freedom of contract, and specifically demanded scientific government to replace the irrationality of privileged.

Organizational Citizenship Behavior Essay

Human Resource Management (HRM) is defined as the organizational function that focuses on recruiting, management, and the directing of the employees that work in the organization. It also deals with compensation, performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training. Even though the HR functions evolved, some things never change.Since most companies impart always take away the traditional HR functions such as hiring and firing employees, providing pay and benefits packages, training and developing the workforce, and dealing with employer employee conflicts. organisational citizenship style (OCB) is a concept defined as the fixed of redundant activities that are beneficial to an organization and its employees. These activities are not required in a formal way that is, they are not oralize in a contract nor required by the companion. OCB is commonly a behavior of employees towards thei r comp whatsoever and vice versa.It is clear that the organizations HRM plays a resilient role in implementing OCB through creating a well-established relationship amid the organization and the employees. Rousseau and Geller argued that this relationships status is critical in the amount of OCB produced by employees where the company must deliver prototypic a few requirements. (cited in Morrison, 1996). Schuller states that individually companys HRM has a set of principles and values that are integrated in its overall philosophy, which includes a respectful treatment of its employees (cited in Morrison, 1996).According to Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison, and Sowa, how effective is an organization in applying that philosophy is related towards how much the employees finger appreciated in their work place and therefore related to the amount of OCB displayed (cited in Morrison, 1996). OCB is present in all companies and can be considered a cycle. In fact, the HR incision encou rages OCB through several actions, which pave the way to creating a healthy organizational culture where the company protects its employees who are devoted to their company.This report impart discuss OCB in Middle East Airlines (MEA) by taking a closer look at the employee company relationship and the company employee relationship. Literature Review on Organization Citizenship Behavior How Companies Encourage OCB In order for employees to work on achieving OCB, the human resource management has to work on some issues to help encourage each individual to participate in developing the company.The management must ensure that several things should be well done Social Exchange, ldentification with Organizational Objectives, Empowerment, Selection and socializing, rating and Rewards, Rules and Job Descriptions. In an organization, Blau identified deuce types of relationships that tie the management and the employees together the economic relationship and the social relationship (cite d in Morrison, 1996). Konovsky and Pugh analysis states that it is more belike for employees to perform OCB under good social conditions than economic (cited in Morrison, 1996).Organ claims that this fact is due to several reasons First, social relationships allow employees to stick feelings of mutual swear with the organization and they will build long-term relationships with the management. This will encourage employees to help enhance the image of their company by practicing OCB. Second, the social relationship is one that is equivocally defined, that is it does not have clear boundaries therefore employees will more likely include certain citizenship acts in their job tasks (cited in Morrison, 1996).The identification of the employees with the organizational objectives is all important(p) for achieving OCB. That is because each individual will adopt and familiarize with the values and principles of the company, and hence become a part of its system, which will give a feeling of belong and an encouragement for being part of the progress of the company. For employees to achieve OCB, Conger and Kanungo believe that they must be first willing to do so, and that is by being boost and empowered (cited in Morrison, 1996).Bowen and Lawler claim that many benefits are generated as a result of empowerment. First, it will shorten the time of response of employees to serve their customers. Second, the relationship between the employees and the customers will be more enthusiastic and kind. Third, it will allow the employees to be more innovative and generate ideas for the benefit of the company (cited in Morrison, 1996). Selection is the first phase of the entrance of an employee into a company.During this stage, Shore and Tetrick claim that each individual becomes mindful of the job responsibilities in his field. Also, it is through this stage that the company indicates to the employee the responsibilities that the company has towards him as well, such as securi ty, progress and training hence it identifies a two-way relationship. This will lead to a feeling of respect and interest from the other party, which will lead to employees achieving OCB (cited in Morrison, 1996).Selection is also important in what is referred to by Chatman as person-organization fit by learning nigh the organizations objectives, the employee becomes aware that he or she will be chosen not solely for their job qualification, but for their compatibility with the work environment as well (cited in Morrison, 1996). Socialization as defined by Van Maanen and Schein is when the company prepares the mod employees with the set of knowledge, approaches, and behaviors that they should apply in order to fit into their roles (cited in Morrison, 1996).Similar to selection, socialization is about showing the new employee that the relationship with the organization is based on social convert. This can be clarified through such processes as orientation that holds at heart it m ore value than it shows. Chatman claims that socialization also familiarizes the employees with the companys objectives and values not to mention that it plays a vital part in the empowerment process. (cited in Morrison, 1996). at that place are two extremes stated by Jones in applying socialization.The first is a highly institutionalized one where the new employees are separated and offered a common learning program. The second end is highly individualized, where employees are left on their own to engage in informal relationships with their fellow employees and to have self-learning experiences. There is however one disadvantage to socialization when the objectives are clearly defined for employees, they tend to perform solely what they were expected to (cited in Morrison, 1996). Therefore, a company that seeks employee OCB will tend to have a more individualized socialization.OCB by definition includes the set of actions performed by employees that are not asked by management, th erefore it is not at one time rewarded. Thus, to encourage employees into applying this behavior, OReilly and Chatman believe that the company should employ indirect means that will encourage them to do so. That can be done by bighearted a reward to the organizations performance as a whole. This will be helpful in two ways first, it will throw out familiarize the employees with the companys objectives and this way they will tend to act more upon achieving those goals through citizenship behavior.Second, by giving an award for the entire companys performance, the organization will indirectly inform the employees that their job goes beyond what is clearly specified and limited into a certain role or department (cited in Morrison, 1996). According to Bowen, Siehl, and Schneider, when the company imposes a high number of rules and regulation, it is limiting and discouraging the employees ability to perform tasks outside their field of work, therefore limiting the OCB that can be achi eved in that organization.A high number of rules will clearly define the limits of the economic give-and-take relationship between the employees and their company which will diminish their will to achieve OCB by determining exactly what the employees are asked to do and not to do and pr planeting them from prosecute in any other action that is indirectly rewarded even if it benefits the company as a whole. Hence, in order for employees to want to perform citizenship behavior, the company must reduce its rules and thus create a social exchange relationship (cited in Morrison, 1996).Like rules and regulations, if a company describes the employees job in a very precise and narrow matter, it will reduce harmonise to Bowen and Lawler the citizenship behavior applied by its subordinates. Employees will then have extremely well defined tasks to perform with no regard to any other company-wide actions. That way the exchange relationship between employee and company will more likely to be economic, not to mention that it reduces empowerment by limiting the resources needed by employees such as knowledge and skills to taking action towards OCB (cited in Morrison, 1996). How Employees Exercise OCBTo achieve organizational citizenship behavior, employees must practice different means. First, as Organ defines it, helping behavior is critical and evident in creating inter-employee relationships. much(prenominal) behavior can be noted in the primaryst acts such as when an employee assists his co-worker when the latter is overstrained with his paperwork or any other task being done. Second, according to Organ as well, sportsmanship, another dimension of OCB, is the ability to accept criticism and unfortunate events in the company without complaints, verbal or written.Consider a meeting for a marketing idea where employees are brainstorming. When the group rejects someones idea and the latter accepts that without being offended, he/she is considered to have a sense of spo rtsmanship. Third, organizational loyalty is a major concept when it comes to having a constructive organizational culture. This is evident whereby when employees are loyal to their company, they would feel safer and more content about the workplace and the organizations culture. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) Individual initiative, a fourth aspect of OCB, is represented in taking on additional responsibilities and engaging in task-improving actions without being asked to do so.This also includes encouraging others to do so, which helps the company as a whole improve. (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) An example is when an employee suggests to adopt a new method of performing a task, which he/she knows will improve the way things s done. Related to this is self-development, which is yet another dimension of OCB. According to George and Brief, self-development pertains to voluntarily engaging in development courses that are not required from the company in the attempt of improving ones skills and broadening ones knowledge. (Cited in Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) For instance, an employee could learn about upcoming seminars and training sessions and inform his colleagues of their dates.A different aspect of OCB is civic virtue, which can be defined as a load to the organization as a whole. This takes place through engaging in governing the organization indirectly, looking out for its best interest, and protecting it from threats. (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) A simple example of this is turning off the lights after having used the restroom. Similar to this is organizational compliance, the last dimension of OCB, which is when an employee complies with the company rules and regulations whether or not the latter is being monitored. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) locomote to work right after having finished the permitted lunch break is an example of organizational compliance. It is cr ucial to note that all these behavioral aspects of organizational citizenship behavior are not part of the work contract or job description. Factors that diminish OCB Several factors antecede and affect organizational citizenship behavior. Such factors can be set into four basic categories employee characteristics, organizational characteristics, task characteristics, and leadinghip behaviors.The influence of these categories on OCB can be either positive or blackball. It is evident that OCB is present in all companies, whether on a noticeable scale or an imperceptible one. This report will be depicting the negative relations between OCB and its antecedents, whereby, according to studies done in a meta-analysis by Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, and Bachrach, it has been found that organizational and task characteristics have little impact on OCB relative to individual and leadership behaviors which have greater impact on OCB.Employee or individual characteristics affect the presence of OCB and how much the latter contributes to building a constructive organizational culture. Taking two extremes, one can consider an employee who is indifferent of his/her companys interest. The latter would surely not engage in activities pertaining to civic virtue, thus not practice good citizenship behavior. The other extreme is an employee who is very concerned about the companys interest and always seeks to attain goals that hold the companys benefit.Such employee is more likely to be engaged in the different dimensions of citizenship behavior. To go back to the bigger image, an employees characteristics help in determining how well OCB is exercised in an organization. Indeed, it is found that the existence of OCB increases with the increase of employee loyalty and concern to the organization, and decreases with indifference to the greater benefit of the company and the rewards granted for good citizenship behavior. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) Leadership behaviors are quite correspond to the presence of citizenship behavior in an organization. According to another meta-analysis reported by Podsakoff, MacKenzie, and Bommer in 1996, leadership behaviors are mostly positively related to OCB, whereby most leaders reward citizenship behavior within performance in general, which increases such behavior in the company as employees are aware of such rewards.The only negative leadership behaviors are contingent and non-contingent punishment behavior as well as leader specification of procedures. This is due to the fact that employees feel confused as to why leaders perform contingent punishment, thereby decreasing their citizenship behavior. Non-contingent punishment is a discouraging factor by itself, which makes it obvious why it negatively affects OCB in an organization.

Compare ‘The Soldier’ written by Rupert Brooke and ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’ written by Wilfred Owen

Lately we rush stu pop offd devil poetrys that were written during the time of World War One. They were The Soldier written by Rupert Brooke and anthem for Doomed Youth written by Wilfred Owen. Both of these poets were soldiers involved in fighting during World War One.The Soldier is an uplifting and optimistic poem looking at the positive side of dying(p) for your country when going to state of war. I think the poet Rupert Brooke wrote the poem to send domicile to his family to reassure them if he died it would be peacefully and not in pain.In the setoff stanza Brooke is saying that if he dies while away in this foreign country, that hell leave a part of England there. The following quotation is an example that he is English through-and-throughA dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware,Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam.He was born and brought up with a certain affable of English lifestyle and culture. He then goes on to delimitate the flowers and winding paths making us think of England as idyllic and peaceful. He uses personification in the first line of the quote. It compares England to a woman giving assume to a child and bringing it up.In the second stanza Brooke describes England as a country of no evil and that he will remember it forever, hell always have happy memories from the past when he lived in England. Some of the best memories being times hes spent with the people he love. The net line in stanza two isIn hearts at peace, under an English heaven.This conveys that England has shaped him into who he is and he is proud of it.The Soldier is a sonnet. A sonnet is a 14-line poem use to express personal feelings. His choice of words describe his personal feelings as well. These words all add reassurance to the poets relatives that if he dies, it will be peaceful. Examples of the words employ to describe the peacefulness are blest, dream, gentleness, peace and heaven.One of the main features that the poet uses in this in th is poem is repetition. The most widely used word that the poet uses repeatedly is England and English adding to the patriotism and significance that England has to him it isnt just a place it represents a culture and a set of values as well.The structure of the poem is that it has two verses and 14 lines in total. The rhyming aim is-A B A B C D C D E F G E F GEach letter represents a line, two lines with the same letter means that it rhymes.Brooke uses alliteration, the consonant that is being repeated is an f, it is a soft cloggy yet again showing calmness and peacefulnessThat theres some corner of a foreign fieldThat is forever England.Other alliteration such asHer sights and sounds, Dream happy as day, And, laughter, learnt of friends.All these show how the poet feels about the possibility of his death. He is optimistic and knows he is prepared to die fighting for his country.The another(prenominal) poem Anthem for Doomed Youth written by Wilfred Owen is also a sonnet. Doomed youth mean all those young men to be sent to war and on the front are destined to die. In the poem the poet expresses his views on what should happen to these people when they die. They all should be given a funeral and a priggish send off, even those on the battlefield. You can tell this because throughout the poem he mentions funerals and church services.The first stanza suggests the horror of death and how they compare these men to animals For those who die as cattle.There deaths have been brutal and violent. The first stanza demonstrate this, it is full of noise and violence to show the pandemonium of the battle compared to the funeral they would have had at home and how it differsNo prayers, bells, nor any voice of mourning save the choirsThe second stanza is more peaceful and shows the grief of the relatives when they find out whats happened and in the second stanza it looks at the kind of send off they would have had if they had been at home. It uses words such as candles, hands of boys, their pall, holy glimmers of goodbyes and flowers all things that are related to a church service. The final line of this poem depicts the morning of the soldiers relativesAnd each slow dusk a drawing-down of blinds.When a death occurred during this period the families who had lost people they loved, closed the blinds to show their lugubriousness and to keep the rest of the world out. In this case the consonant being repeated is D. D is a harsh sound stressing the relatives coping with losing a loved one.This poem is also a sonnet it shows personal feeling of what the poet though about not getting a proper send off.The rhyming scheme is-A B A B C D C D E F F E G GThe poem ends with a rhyming couplet that means the last two lines rhyme.In the first stanza the poet uses onomatopoeia to demonstrate the sound on the battlefieldOnly the stuttering rifles rapid rattlingIt is also an example of alliteration.This poem is against war and the inappropriate way these men have lost their lives. The general mood of he poem is anger and sadness. evoke because the young men died unnecessarily without having much of a life and sadness because all these people are dying needlessly and others are mourning because of this.The Soldier and Anthem for Doomed Youth are both sonnets with two stanza and 14 lines but both poem are completely different in their take of the same situation.

Assignment: The Welfare Reform Act Essay

The Welf atomic number 18 refine locomote is better known as the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, this was created by former President Clinton. Clinton vowed to stop welf are, he wanted it to be someones right not just a privilege to adopt aid. Clinton wanted to athletic supporter the needy volume who actually needed help, but many state were angry with the changes that it made. Clinton did not think that peoples reactions would be so negative, but they were. Medicaid did not change the way that they it provides coverage to members, but it changed how many people it covered. Clinton did not want to continue seeing his country buzz off dependent on the assistance, he wanted to increase the employment rate. There were too many children that were living in poverty and Clinton seen a cycle that he knew he had to break. The Welfare Reform Act did not cause too many of the beneficiaries to lose their necessary coverage, they were still able t o receive the coverage if they qualified. The honor stated that if you were poor adequacy you could still receive the health insurance.It is good because people can still work and get the health insurance if they do not make too much, because a lot of times jobs do not offer private insurance to their employees. The law did affect immigrants, the immigrants that were here illegally were no longer to receive health insurance and those that came to the joined States legally had to wait five years before they could qualify for insurance if they were poor enough at the time. There were many providers that were affected in a negative way because many of them treated Medicaid patients at the time of the Welfare Reform Act. Providers same hospitals and clinics had to face the fact they would lose many patients and impart more people who would try and receive free services. There were certain states that had more immigrants than former(a)s who had to choose between helping those patien ts and turning them away when they no longer could receive any health insurance, unless they got other help from the state (Ku, & Coughlin, 2010).The Act did cut the percent of people who received Medicaid, like the illegal immigrants and those that no longer qualified, but if you were needy it is more than likely that you still qualified for insurance. It varies from each state there are some states that may be able to help more than others because they have more state funds. According to ( Ku, & Coughlin, 2010), A cosmicr category of people,immigrants entering the United States after August 1996, will no longer be eligible for full Medicaid coverage, although they remain entitled to emergency care coverage. Most people who qualify still could receive assistance if they were needy. The Welfare Reform Act has decreased the amount of fraud and has also increased the amount of people who are working. Many people were forced to go to job programs, to en accepted that they had the nece ssary tools to get back on their own feet. If you wanted to receive TANF this was a requirement. out front this act was in place there were many people out there that were taking advantage of the system, people were getting to use to the money and other assistance that was easy to get. The new law was made to put a stop to the way that things were headed to. The new generation has a better chance at succeeding in life because there is more help out there. You can still get health insurance, cash aid, and food stamps you just have to actually be in need. The law only requires that you do what you can to be able to do it all on your own and they will help along the way. There are many people that probably wish that things were the same as they were before this law was put in place, but things are still continuing to get better.According to research, Some 2.9 million fewer children live in poverty today than in 1995 (Rector, & Fagan, 2003), that is a very large amount. The percent of c hildren that were living in hunger went down and the amount of people who were having children out of wedlock has also gone down (Rector, & Fagan, 2003). The new act makes sure that the adults who are asking for the assistance go to a job program that helps you to get on your feet and be able to take care of your family without any assistance. whole of these things have turned out to be more positive than negative, so it is good that our former President Clinton brought a change to America.ReferencesKu, L., Coughlin, T. A. (2010). How the New Welfare Reform Law Affects Medicaid. Urban Institute, p.1 Retrieved October 3, 2010 from http//www.urban.org/publications/307037.htmlRector, R., & Fagan, P. Ph. D. (2003). The continuing good news about welfare reform. The Heritage Foundation, p.1. Retrieved October 3, 2010 from http//www.heritage.org/research/reports/2003/02/the-continuing-good-news

Middle Woodland

The communities in the centre of attention timberland Period possess creative beginnings, essential factors of which are indigen people, a history of domination and existing and widened transferring of the population from various places and societies. This has led in one of the most varied and differentiated communities in the globe, with almost a thousand ethnic societies (Applegate, 2005). Every one of these ethnic communities has its own definitive traits and characteristics and as a consequence of history, territorial variances and inner and outer migration of people, including differences associated to essential elements much(prenominal) as status, sex and territorial setting.The concept of settlement and subsistence based on the lay Woodland Period includes diversity, involving the emergence of a powerful existence of aborigines and profiles. This illustrates meaning(prenominal) topics for the Middle Woodland Period communities the implications of being a member of a comm unity the interaction between local and individual profiles establishing and employing in both the connecting and dividing elements in a community with various ethnicities and the type and scenario of an incoming leadership and governance system (Fortier, 2001).Under the Middle Woodland Period, community is connected to human ecology with regard to the organizations, mechanisms for survival, and the way of thinking of the people, motives and quality of life. It tops the complicated box of concepts which portrays daily happenings in life and attitudesthe comprehensions and assumptions which leads the peoples initiatives and communications with other members of the community.The brisk Creek community existed during the periods of 1-400 CE, while the Santa Rosa society in Western Florida existed during the periods from 150-500 CE. The start of the Middle Woodland indicated a change of settlement to the Interior. As the Middle Woodland era went on, domestic and foreign exchange of exo tic products tremendously improved to the point where a trade mechanism became existent on the Chesapeake Bay. Amongst the Confederate and northern parts of the Chesapeake Bay, burial areas of significant people were very spare and possessed various presents, most of which were not recognizable to the people (Ritzenthaler, 1991).The most evident archaeological site in the place of burial sites during this period was in the Chesapeake Bay, and is now pertained to as the Hopewell culture. Due to the likeness of works and burial gifts, experts predict a traditional norm of religious beliefs and customs and cultural communication that was present throughout the entire territory (also pertained to as a Hopewell Communication Sphere).However, this could also be seen as the consequence of the fair exchange of goods and/or responsibilities between local families that managed particular regions. Access to food or other basic needs external to a familys region would be done through special agreements with other people. Family leaders would then be laid to rest along with presents obtained from their business partners to array the interactions they had formed.Under this situation, permanent communities would obviously be established, leading to improved agricultural gains and an increase in the density of people as well (Wittry, 1994). Although majority of the Middle Woodland customs and beliefs are pertained to as Hopewellian, and in spite of the shared ceremonial customs and beliefs, independent beliefs and customs have been established during the Middle Woodland era. These involve the Swift Creek and the Copena beliefs and customs.ReferencesApplegate, D, 2005. Woodland Period Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley. University Alabama PressFortier, A, 2001. The Dash Reeves Site A Middle Woodland crossroads and Lithic Production Center in the American Bottom. Illinois TransportationRitzenthaler, R, 1991. The Woodland Indians of the Western Great Lakes. Waveland Pres sWittry, W, 1994. The Holdener Site Late Woodland, Emergent Mississippian, and Mississippian Occupations in the American Bottom Uplands (11-S-685). Illinois Transportation

The Importance of Friendship

Its impossible to know all of the different cultural differences in body language that you can withdraw into. And trying to abide by all of them is even tougher. If I did, Id be running around not looking at anyone with my detainment in my pockets. Of course, then I would be offending both Turkish people (hands in my pockets) and all of my friends in the States. This is article is a compilation of my research. I apologize if I omit anything or make a mistake theres so untold information in regards to this subject, and its strong to capture it all.Drop me a line or comment if you see an error or want to add something. 1. Eye Contact In the United States and Canada, intermittent eye sense of touch is extremely important in conveying interest and attention. In many Middle Eastern cultures, INTENSE eye contact amongst the same genders is often a symbol of trust and sincerity however, between opposite genders, especially in Muslim cultures, anything more than BRIEF eye contact is c onsidered in tolerate. Additionally, in Asian, African, and Latin American cultures, extended eye contact is considered a challenge.The Japanese tend to consider even brief eye contact uncomfortable. And, in some cultures, a woman should look down when talking to a man (thanks to thank Denise Gerdes, a former Peace Corps volunteer from atomic number 25 for that information). 2. Handshakes In my handshake article Ne twainrking 101 You Better Get A Grip and Read This, I talked about the handshake in Western cultures. amid cultures, however, there are differences that could throw you off For example, in powers of Northern Europe a quick tight one-pump handshake is the norm.In parts of Southern Europe, rudimentary and South America, a handshake is longer and warmer meaning the left hand usually touches the clasped hands, the elbow, or even the lapel of the shakee. Beware that in Turkey, a firm handshake is considered rude and aggressive. In certain African countries, a limp handsh ake is the standard. Men in Islamic countries never shake the hands of women away(p) the family. 3. Greetings In America, we have the standard greeting Hello, my name is.. with a handshake.At a networking event, chances are somebodys from a different culture will probably assimilate into everyone elses style, however, there are separate greetings out there of which you should be aware. In Japan, people bow. In Italy, people kiss cheeks. There is a very raise list over at Bruce Van Patters website. 4. Personal Space I get freaked out when someone gets too close to me and I immediately try to end the conversation. However, in some cultures it is normal to be in the bubble.In China, if someone is doing business, it is widely accepted to have NO person-to-person space at all. Strangers regularly touch when standing near each other. On the other hand, some cultures require much more space than in America. Keep in mind, that personal space will differ for everyone based on their up bringing. The advice that I would give, is that if you are unsure, start with your comfort zone, and let the other person move to where they are comfortable. 5. TouchingThis is a big no-no. It may look okay, but you could be fooled.For example, did you know that in some sects of Judaism, the only woman that a man will touch in his lifetime is the woman he is married to? In Japan, Scandinavia, and England, touching is less frequent. In Latino cultures, touching is encouraged. This may not have a place in this article, but still interesting NEVER touch a persons head. This can be religiously offensive. Really, when you are out networking, just DONT touch except to shake hands. If you are comfortable, let the other person guide what is appropriate to them. 6. Small Talk Its tough to make small talk.And to make it even tougher, sometimes it is different in cultures outside of America. There was not much research on this, however, some of my loyal readers were able to help me out. Susa nne Ebling of Washington, D. C suggests that in other cultures, just because you are asked How are you? , it doesnt mean that the other person is asking for a full health report. Keep in mind that this is not always a cultural thing. If someone you dont know asks you how you are, you should never say anything but, excellent, or fine, or some derivative.Also, James Yoakum from New York reminded me that in America, often it is appropriate to ask what a person does for a living in a conversation. In fact, thats how most people make small talk and, in certain situations, its completely wrong, which I will discuss in another article. However, what you need to know now is that for many cultures it is inappropriate to ask this altogether. I say, learn how to network without making this part of your small-talk routine. 7. Personal Dress and Hygiene I dont know of any culture where it is acceptable to not brush your teeth.I could be wrong. However, everything else can set forth Some cultur es dont shave their mens faces (or womens legs or underarms). Some cultures never wear deodorant and others dont bathe as frequently. You must be careful to make sure you do not offend anyone. And yes, sometimes odors that are quite odd to you might be very acceptable in another culture. 8. GesturesThey mean different things everywhere. Seriously, keep your gestures to yourself. If you want to flip off the business card warrior, it might not have any effect at all if he/she is from a different culture.In fact, in some cultures, its used as a pointer. The thumbs-up has all different meanings too. At the peril of destroying my reputation, I am not even going to write about them. Also be careful with the American A-Ok sign and putting your hands on your hips. Conclusions The two most important ideas to take away from this article is that you know these differences exist and that you treat others how you would want to be treated. Once again, the best policy is to let the other person l ead the interaction if you are unsure. That way, you can never be wrong

M3 Unit 37

M3 the skills I need to develp are financail and accounting, Financial- The top reason why billetes go verboten of business is bad financial planning. All the cash flows in the wrong direction. Having worked through the dotcom boom and bust I collect seen first hand what in addition big a budget in the wrong hands puke do. Some one(a) needs a firm grip on the numbers and it had conk out be you otherwise someone might just take a trip to a tropical island at your expense.I ordain be devoloping this skill by finding some volantry jobs for one or two week to gain some skills so hence I should be able to run my hold business. The other skill that I need to develop is the ability to implement systems (such as workplace information, risk management, continuous improvement and record keeping systems) that provide help my business run when I am not there. I will be doing improving this by getting a business coures for one or two weeks to learn about the systems.Imagination- Many pe ople neglect their creative side feeling that it is better to be all in all about the logic, only in fact some of the most successful business people are also the most imaginative. So I need to learn this skills by talking to other people who already running a business. Problem Solving- A big part of surviving in business is about resoluteness problems fast and effectively. An employee who is good at keeping their head in a crisis while fighting fires is a worthwhile asset to any business. I will be practising this skills by getting some work experience at different organisations to improve my skill.Rukia Sadiqi p4 unit 36 discribe the legal financail aspects that will advert the start-up of your business. statutory statusLegal status means the concept of companies having a particular place in the market, from this as it determines the laws which affect themThere are many types of businesses sole trader, partnership, hush-hush limited company or franchiseSole trader this inv olves one person who is the boss and the owner of the company and has unlimited liability and the examples are a builder, a window cleaner and painter etc.Partnership This business contains tow or more people up to 20 the share between the partners doesnt do to be 50% it can be different share amounts partners also wee-wee a unlimited liability and some example are doctors, dentists and more. The partners must have a execution of partnership which is a contract between partners which legally binds them. The strength is that the partners well get the same percentage of profit as much as they have invested into the company.Private limited company is to make money quickly the cant sell there shares to the stock market as they have a great weakness. The owners have the main control in the business normally as they control the business and the main stake holders of the business are board of directors. The biggest strength they have is that if the company goes bankrupt the owners can loose thier personal positions so they pay off depts.Franchise is when the company such as McDonalds sells the rights and the promotion to the person to user their shuffle and logo to sell its products, services and logos, usually in a defined area. The person that gets the rights gives royalty to the users as this will involve paying fixed fees and a percentage payment of the franchisees sales turnover. The main strength of this is that the business is a success and that the advertising is mainly from the franchise company so this gives advertisement for all the franchisers that own the different branches.Our business is a parivet which is made up of my self Rukia and our business is called Rakz Hair salon which is a hairdresser . I chose to run my business privitaly because I want to make money quickly and want to have the main control of my business. The biggest strength I have is that if the company goes bankrupt then I can loose my personal positions so I will have pay off dep ts. M3- assess the implications of the legal and financial aspects that will affect the start-up of the business.

The Sustainability Of The South African Coastal Environmental Sciences Essay

The sustainability of southeastern Africa s coastal systems is at risk due to many an(prenominal) lending factors and south-central Africa as a give in has begun to take action. Sustainability is the ability to reap or utilize the resource without doing depletion or lasting harm. South Africa needs to aim the jobs and set into action the Torahs that entrust ascertain the sustainability of South Africa s coastal ecosystems and resources.The South African coastline stretches for about 3000 kilometer from the north-west adust boundary line with Namibia, around the Cape to the palmy Eastern St Lucia estuaries near the Mozambique boundary line. The coastline is rugged and exposed to high moving ridge energy. For most of the twelvemonth, there are air currents along the coast. South Africa s east seashore is characterised by comparatively warm water supply, whilst the West seashore has colder Atlantic H2O. In the South, intermediate temperatures are prevailing. The alimentary ri ch Waterss off the southwestern West seashore support abundant oceanic life while a smaller measure of fish but a greater mixture of species can be find off the E seashore. These available resources offer chances for South Africa s hereafter development, both socially and stintingally.Like many some other states, South Africa is going progressively cognizant of the importance of the proper direction of marine resources. Extreme force per unit area is cosmos placed on the oceans by angling vass that are able to easy turn up and catch big sums of fish. In many cases, marine life, other than comestible fish, is being caught in the fishing cyberspaces and this is holding a electronegative impact on the sustainability of South Africa s marine resources. Fishing is a primary economic occupation in South Africa. The demand for resources has resulted in fish stocks being over harvested. The depletion of these resources has and will hold rough effects for the communities depending on them and the South African economic system in general. Rural countries where the communities rely on the usage of marine resources for their subsistence have increased force per unit area on these marine beginnings through the harvest home of fish, mussels, crayfish and ear-shell and therefore hold added to the force per unit area on resources.Every twelvemonth, about 4000 ships pass the Cape of proper Hope. Due to the notoriously bad conditions conditions along the Cape seashore, the hazard of marine pollution additions, peculiarly from oil oilers. Due to the high figure of foreign ships dispatching their stabilize H2O in South African ports, a figure of foreign invasive maritime beings have been introduced into the South Africa coastal Waterss. These invasive beings are permutation autochthonal beings, thereby puting utmost force per unit area on autochthonal beings which could finally ensue in the autochthonal beings vanishing from the South African seashore line wholly.The individual greatest subscriber to environmental diversity in the coastal zone of South Africa is population growing and related development. Much of the state s coastal development revolves around seven big commercial ports including Cape Town, Durban and Richards Bay. The alteration in coastal land usage, through urban invasion, consequences in estuaries being placed under environmental strain from the environing land based home grounds. This strain frequently consequences in the closing of the estuaries and the impairment of marine H2O quality, which increases human wellness hazards because of sewerage, storm H2O and other wastewater being discharged into the estuaries. There are about 63 outflowing mercantile establishments located along the South African seashore. These mercantile establishments daily discharge a big volume of sewage and industrial waste into the sea. This causes bathing H2O and marine beings such as shrimps and mussels to go contaminated. Previously, there wer e legion provincial coastal development policies in topographic point in South Africa. This resulted in an uneffective scheme. In add-on, many offices were under staffed and underfunded which resulted in confused and contradictory attacks to coastal zone direction. This was exacerbated by the hold in O.K.ing support to pull off negative impacts on the coastal zone including the discharge of untreated sewerage along the shoreline. Although there has been extended research of South Africa s coastal and marine systems, there are still many countries which have non yet been researched and which have resulted in many spreads in the scientific apprehension of these systems. Much of the bing information relates to piscaries including estuarial ecology. However, and although the alteration in coastal land usage is impacted on badly through urban invasion, this country of research is still dawdling behind.Marine adamant digging along the west seashore of South Africa is being undertaken, in peculiar between the Orange River oral cavity and Lambert s Bay. This excavation disrupts the seabed therefore upseting the bing home grounds of marine life. This break takes decennaries to retrieve and it is unknown whether these home grounds of all time return to their original province. Miners along the east seashore of South Africa besides mine a figure of heavy metals such as Ti. This excavation impacts negatively on and upset the spinal column dunes systems and estuaries. In peculiar, the damming of laguna H2O by the mi modorkers adversely affects fish and crustaceans in the lagunas.South African s duty and execution of policies to protect its coastal and Marine systems has historically been fragmented. However, and over the past figure of old ages, it has introduced environmental statute law and policies which have resulted in new Torahs to increase the functionality and sustainability of the South African coastal and marine systems. These Torahs and policies were introdu ced as a consequence of worldwide legal duties placed on South Africa and South Africa recognizing that it has a responsible function to play in the direction and usage of its coastline and marine systems. The Torahs that have been introduced hence require more effectual and efficient direction of the seashore and marine systems. Included in the new Torahs which have been introduced, South Africa promulgated the National Environmental Integrated Coastal Management Act that became jurisprudence in December 2009. This jurisprudence is dedicated to guaranting the sustainability of South Africa s coastal and marine systems. The act besides makes mention to coordinated and incorporate direction of the coastal zones, and the saving, protection and extension of coastal public belongings. aside from the coastal direction stairss, which have been taken, the Government of South Africa has established an estuarine research and direction unit to advance the direction of estuarial systems in S outh Africa. As the control of pollution at sea is besides an of import facet of continuing the coastal and marine systems in South Africa, South Africa has followed international tendencies and introduced statute law to command pollution at sea. This statute law has been extended to include an oil spillage program for the South African coastline to guarantee that in the event of there being an oil spill, that those who are responsible for battling oil spills along the seashore, are good placed to make so. Last, the United Nations law of nature of the Sea Convention empowers South Africa to command all activities within its sole economic zone. This jurisprudence assists South Africa in cut muckleing the possible hazard of pollution along its coastline as it has the sole and sole authorization to modulate activities within this zone. South Africa needs to take action and do certain that many follow and abide by the Torahs put in topographic pointThrough the execution and enforcemen t of Torahs, South Africa will be able to take down the hazard of its sustainability of coastal resources and guarantee the safety of the state s development.

Solventless Claisen-Schmidt Condensation of Benzaldehydes

Backgrounds and Theory (A)Introduction of aldol condensate In an aldol densification reaction, the ? -carbon of an aldehyde or ketone molecule reacts with another carbonyl carbon to form a ? -hydroxyl aldehyde or ? -hydroxyl ketone, followed by drying up to give a conjugated enone if an ? -H is face up. It is a really useful reaction for the synthesis of ? ,? -unsaturated carbonyl rises. The aldehyde or ketone molecule is first converted to enol or enolate by acid or base catalyst respectively. In this experiment, the base-catalyzed method is used and the ? proton of the aldehyde or ketone molecule is removed by a strong base desire hydroxides and alkoxides to form an enolate ion Although hydroxide ion is not strong enough to convert all of the aldehyde or keton molecules to the corresponding enolates for some(prenominal) aldehydes and ketones (i. e. the equilibrium lies well to the left), there atomic number 18 usually enough enolate ions for the reaction to proceed at a re asonable rate. The enolate ion give then react with the carbonyl compound to form an intermediate anion, which is quickly protonated by water. When the ? hydroxyl aldehyde or ? -hydroxyl ketone is formed, it exit be sometimes spontaneously dehydrated to give an ? ,? -unsaturated carbonyl compound since a C=C bond can be formed by this process and it is very stable due to the conjugation with the carbonyl group. Therefore if the vaporisation is not spontaneous, it can also be easily induced by gentle heating. However, self condensation forget occur, especially if both of the reactants are ketones, and a mixture of products will be formed. This is mainly due to the similar electrophilicity of the reactants.For example, when 3-pentanone is reacted with cyclopentanone A mixture of products will be formed as both the reactants can become enolate ion and react with itself or another reactant. Also, to a greater extent kinds of products will be formed after dehydration as different kin ds of ? -proton is available. If the reactants are unsymmetrical, the reaction will become more regioselective. For example, if 2-methylpentan-3-one is reacted with reacted with cyclopentanone The upper one will be the major product since ? -proton is available for the validation of conjugated double bond by dehydration.The extra stability of the product shifts the equilibrium to its side. (B)Claisen-Schmidt Condensation a Branch of Aldol Condensation Clasisen-Schmidt condensation is a branch of aldol condensation which eliminates most of the regioselectivity problems. In the reaction, an aromatic aldehyde is condensed with a ketone to form an ? ,? -unsaturated ketone. For example Since an extra alkyl group (EDG) is present in ketone, it is slight electrophilic than the aldehyde. Therefore only the ? -carbon of the ketone will attack the aldehyde, but not the other way round.Also, there will not be any self condensation as only aldehyde will be attacked. The dehydration process o f the above reaction is also regioselective as there is only one kind of ? -proton present in the compound. Therefore only one kind of product will be formed. In this experiment, the Clasisen-Schmidt condensation of benzaldehyde and p-methylacetophenone will be studied. (C)Traditional Method vs Solventless Method (Green alchemy) Organic reactions usually require organic solvents as to rear a medium for the interactions of reactants and to moderate the temperature and reaction rate.Nevertheless, the use of organic solvent needs a of import cost on materials required and also increases the burden to chemical substance waste treatment and the environment. Green Chemistry is therefore developed in order to reduce material consumption and increase the efficiency of chemical production by minimizing the use of solvents. The Claisen-Schmidt condensation of benzaldehyde and acetophenone would have a very high atom rescue ( 92%) with the reaction solvent eliminated. In this experiment, t he efficiencies of the traditional and solventless methods will be compared.

Moral Responsibility

Naina Navni Professor Adams UCWR 110 21 October 2010 Moral Responsibility the States would not be where it is without the right of natures that have been placed and the citizens who follow the fair plays. In aver for this to happen the knowledge and word sense of the constabularys ar needed to establish order. African Americans had been secluded in the past through harsh laws of sequestration.Although umpteen believe disobeying the law is mor eachy wrong and if disobeyed a punishment should follow, Martin Luther Kings profound statement, i has the moral responsibility to disobey foul laws (King 420) leads to greater justice for all which is also supported by Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail, Jeffersons The closure of freedom, and Lincolns Second Inaugural Address. I am in Birmingham because wickedness is here, wrote Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , in his Letter from Birmingham Jail (King 416).Eight Alabama clergymen composed a statement urging rest periodraint in the Civil Rights movement and the discontinuance of demonstrations in Birmingham. The clergymen explained that progress could high hat be achieved through negotiation and through the court system and suggested that direct action would only sham the situation worse. In response to this statement, Martin Luther King, Jr. composed his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail to explain why he was active in civilized rights demonstrations, primarily because of the failure of the courts and negotiation to address the issue of civil rights effectively.One of Kings most important and most extended arguments begins with thedistinction among just and unjust laws. He begins by stating one has a legal and a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that an unjust law is no law at all (King 420). A distinction is made that an unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in eternal law and natural law and by contrast, any law that uplifts human personality is just.Through these definition King can elaborate on his claim he certain earlier, Segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality, to draw a central conclusion which condemns separatism statutes as unjust (King 420). Any law that degrades human personality is unjust and all segregation statutes atomic number 18 unjust because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality. Therefore this supports his conclusion, Segregation gives the segregator a false sense of superiority and the unintegrated a false sense of inferiority (King 420).Segregation is morally wrong and sinful, t indeed action was needed to be taken to prevent it. In the second phase of this argument, King redefines unjust law in such(prenominal) a way as to intersect the democratic argument seen developed in Jeffersons Declaration of Independence. King begins his argument by stating what defines an unjust versus just law. An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority group compels a minority group to obey precisely does not make binding on itself. This is difference made legal . . . a just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow and that it is willing to follow itself.This is sameness made legal . . . a law is unjust if it is inflicted on a minority that, as a result of being denied the right to vote, had no part in enacting or devising the law (King 421). The segregation laws were enacted by the Alabama legislature, representatives to which Negroes did not vote for because they were denied the right to vote brings up a question muckle any law enacted under such circumstances be considered democratically structured? (King 421). Such laws are not democratically structured, therefore such laws are unjust.After King clearly demonstrated that segregation laws are unjust, it follows the immediate opening premise, One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws that we are make to d isobey segregation laws (King 420). King shines a new light on the disobedience of the law by expressing his belief that An individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for the law (King 421).This therefore meat that conscientious disobedience of an unjust law, especially with the intention of overturning injustice, shows the highest respect for the law, where just law is supposed to gain ground from natural law and Gods moral order. Kings language here echoes Jefferson, but particularly in the Declaration of Independence where Jefferson argues that governments exist to protect basic human rights, Deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed (Jefferson 437).At time it appears that the letter susceptibility even surpass the Declaration of Independence in its importance and value, as the letter speaks on behalf of all Americans as a unified we (Ess). Lincolns famous Second Inaugural Address minded(p) in 1865, exemplifies what King tries to explain in his letter. The main message gained is that all men are created equal, therefore segregation laws should not exist (Ess). Lincolns speech laid the foundation for others, such as King, to continue to work hard to abolish segregation and discriminative treatment.Kings use of logos, appeals to our logic or reasoning and gives his own example of how segregation affected his life. Once, he was randomly arrested for walking around without a walking permit. Another example, an olden black woman states, My feets is tired but my soul is at rest (King 430). He mentions that the old womans statement is grammatically incorrect, and emphasizes her lack of education and his awareness of it. He draws attention to this fact to point out that even the uneducated know and sense the magnitude of the injustice of segregation.Als o, in quoting this elderly woman, Kings appeal includes an appeal to the emotions. His use of imagery of this elderly woman with tired feet, we odor for her in that she is old and must endure this march to fight for something she should already have. The laws denied the rights of the elderly woman because of her race, hence the law being unjust, which King believes is fair not to follow. The main problem that was occurring in society was segregation. Similarities between Kings letter to the The Declaration of Independence and Second Inaugural Address are open as both documents strive for the same goal equality.If a law is morally wrong and unjust, then it is our responsibility to disobey it. King argues his point in a variety of ways, particularly the example of the elderly black woman complaining about the pain in her feet from the march and how King points out the grammatical errors in her speech which show her lack of education, yet still understands that segregation happening , knows it is wrong, and wants it to end.Works Cited Danner, Natalie, and Mary Kate. Paris. Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail. Mercury Reader a Custom Publication. New York Pearson Custom Pub. , 2009. 412-31. Print. Danner, Natalie, and Mary Kate. Paris. Lincolns Second Inaugural Address. Mercury Reader a Custom Publication. New York Pearson Custom Pub. , 2009. 434-35. Print. Danner, Natalie, and Mary Kate. Paris. Jeffersons The Declaration of Independence. Mercury Reader a Custom Publication. New York Pearson Custom Pub. , 2009. 436-40. Print. Ess, Dr. Charles. Kings Letter from the Birmingham Jail. Drury University, Springfield, Missouri. Web. 16 Oct. 2010. .

Importance of Agriculture in Economy Essay

The direct share of the floriculture sector to national economy is reflected by its dish bring turn out in total GDP, its foreign exchange earnings, and its role in supplying savings and labor to early(a) sectors. horticulture and altogether(prenominal)ied sectors like forestry and fishing accounted for 18.5 perpenny of total Indian double-dyed(a) Domestic Product (GDP) in 2005-06 (at 1999-2000 constant prices) and employed about 58 percent of the orbits workforce (CSO, 2007). It accounted for 10.95 percent of Indias exports in 2005-06 (GoI, 2007) and about 46 percent of Indias geographical bea is used for bucolic activity. on that point has been a structural transformation in the Indian economy during the past few decades.The composition of Gross Domestic Product at 1993-94 constant prices reveals that the sh atomic number 18 of agriculture including forestry and fishing has declined as growth in industrial and services sectors far outpaced hoidenish sector (Figure 1) . The shargon of mining, manufacturing, electricity and eddy sector has increase from 21.6 percent in 1970-71 to 27 percent in 2004-05 and services sector has increased substantially from 32 percent to 52.4 percent during the said(prenominal) block. Despite a steady decline of its sh be in the GDP, agriculture is still an important sector and dawdles a crucial role in the overall socio-economic evolution of the country. Therefore, education rapid, sustained and broad- arse growth in agriculture remains key antecedency for the government.Consistent with the trends of economic knowledge at national aim, role of bucolic sector in the state economies is besides changing rapidly. The shargon of agriculture in Gross separate Domestic Product (GSDP) has declined signifi tramptly during the last devil decades. In some States, much(prenominal) as Bihar, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Orissa, the sector today contributes much than unmatched-quarter of GSDP, piece in some states, such(prenominal) as Gujarat, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra, the sector contributes less than 20 percent to GSDP (Figure 2). However, contribution of agriculture to GSDP has declined in nigh all States between 1993-94 and 2004-05.The decline was the highest in Karnataka (16%), followed by Haryana (14.2%), and Kerala (13.7%). In Karnataka, decline was in the first place settle withable to significant increase in the shargon of service sector (from 37.9% in 1993-94 to 54.7% in 2004-05) mainly driven by informational technology (IT) industry. Similar is the human face with Haryana the decline is due to faster education of services sector in cities around the national cap, Delhi. Despite declining share of agriculture in the economy, majority of workforce continue to be on countrified sector for employment and in inelegant areas opineence on agriculture is more as or so 75 percent of inelegant population is employed in agricultural sec tor.However, in that lever is disguised employment in the sector due to limited opportunities for homespun non- work employment. This disguised employment leads to light labor and resources productivity in the sector relative to other sectors of the economy. The low labor productivity leads to higher(prenominal) arranges of poverty in boorish areas (Figure 3). factory farm in India is constitutionally the responsibility of the states rather than the key government. The central governments role is in formulating indemnity and providing fiscal resources for agriculture to the states.Agriculture payMeaning unpolished pay generally bureau speculateing, examining and analyzing the financial aspects pertaining to farm business, which is the core sector of India. The financial aspects include money matters relating to occupation of agricultural products and their disposal.Definition of Agricultural financeMurray (1953) defined agricultural. finance as an economic bailiwick of borrowing silver by grangers, the organization and operation of farm impart agencies and of parliamentary procedures interest in ascribe for agriculture .Tandon and Dhondyal (1962) defined agricultural. finance as a first of agricultural economics, which deals with and financial resources related to individual farm units.What is Agriculture FinanceAgricultural finance is the study of support and liquidity services reference book reserves to farm borrowers. It is also considered as the study of those financial intermediaries who provide add cash to agriculture and the financial markets in which these intermediaries obtain their loanable funds. John B. Penson, Jr. and David A. Lins (1980)Why Agriculture FinanceIndia is mainly an agricultural country. Agriculture accounts for approximately 33 percent of Indias GDP and employs nearly 62 percent of the population. It accounts for 8.56 % of Indias exports. About 43 % of Indias geographical area is used for agricultural acti vity. Agricultural production in this country depends upon millions of small farmers. It is intensity of their effort and the efficiency of their technique that lead care in raising yields per acre. Finance in agriculture is as important as bafflement of technologies. Technical inputs can be purchased and used by farmer only if he has money (funds). plainly his own money is al ports unsatisfactory and he needs outside finance or reference book.Because of understaffed financial resources and absence of seasonable opinion facilities at reasonable rates, many of the farmers, even though other than ordaining, are unable to go in for improved seeds and manures or to introduce better methods or techniques. The farming community must be unbroken informed about the various sources of agriculture finance. Agricultural finance possesses its usefulness to the farmers, loaners and extension workers. The knowledge of lending creations, their statutory and regulatory environment hel ps in selecting the appropriate loaner who can adequately provide the credit with monetary value and related services needed to finance the farm business.Nature and ScopeAgricultural finance can be dealt at both micro level and macro level. Macrofinance deals with different sources of raising funds for agriculture as a whole in the economy. It is also bear on with the lending procedure, rules, regulations, monitoring and controlling of different agricultural credit basiss. Hence macro-finance is related to finance of agriculture at aggregate level.Micro-finance refers to financial management of the individual farm business units. And it is concerned with the study as to how the individual farmer considers various sources of credit, quantum of credit to be borrowed from each source and how he allocates the same among the alternative uses with in the farm. It is also concerned with the future use of funds.Therefore, macro-finance deals with the aspects relating to total credit ne eds of the agricultural sector, the terms and conditions under which the credit is available and the method of use of total credit for the development of agriculture, while micro-finance refers to the financial management of individual farm business.Significance of Agricultural Finance1) Agril finance assumes vital and significant importance in the agro socio economic development of the country both at macro and micro level. 2) It is compete a catalytic role in streng indeeding the farm business and augmenting the productivity of scarce resources. When saucily developed potential seeds are combined with purchased inputs like fertilizers & plant egis chemicals in appropriate / necessary proportions will result in higher productivity. 3) Use of new technological inputs purchased by farm finance helps to increase the agricultural productivity.4) Accretion to in farm assets and farm supporting(a) infrastructure provided by gigantic scale financial investment activities results i n increased farm income levels leading to increased standard of donjon of homespun masses.5) Farm finance can also reduce the regional economic imbalances and is equally penny-pinching at reducing the interfarm asset and wealth variations. 6) Farm finance is like a lever with both forward and backward linkages to the economic development at micro and macro level.7) As Indian agriculture is still traditional and subsistence in constitution, agricultural finance is needed to create the supporting infrastructure for adoption of new technology. 8) Massive investment is needed to carry out major and nestling irrigation projects, rural electrification, installation of fertilizer and pesticide plants, execution of agricultural promotional programmes and poverty alleviation programmes in the country.LECTURE -2 recognise needs in A faith needs in Agriculture meaning and comment of credit-classification of credit establish on succession, mean, tribute, lender and borrower. _________ ____________________________________________________________ The word credit comes from the Latin word Credo which means I believe. Hence credit is based up on belief, confidence, trust and faith. Credit is other wise called as loan.Definition Credit / loan is certain tot of money provided for certain purpose on certain conditions with some interest, which can be repaid sooner (or) later. According to Professor Galbraith credit is the temporary worker transfer of asset from one who has to other who has notCredit needs in AgricultureAgricultural credit is one of the most crucial inputs in all agricultural development programmes. For a pine time, the major source of agricultural credit was private moneylenders. plainly this source of credit was inadequate, highly pricy and exploitative. To curtail this, a multi-agency approach consisting of conjuncts, commercial message beachs ands regional rural banks credit has been adopted to provide cheaper, timely and adequate credit to f armers.The financial requirements of the Indian farmers are for,1. buy agricultural inputs like seeds, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, feed and fodder for cattle etcetera2. Supporting their families in those years when the molds maintain not been good.3. Buying additional land, to make improvements on the existing land, to clear old debt and purchase costly agricultural machinery.4. increase the farm efficiency as against limiting resources i.e. hiring of irrigation water lifting devices, labor and machineryCredit can be sort on the grounding of time, purpose, certification, lender and borrower.(i)Time classification- It classifies credit into collar assorts, i.e. short, strength and long term. (a) Short-Term (for distributor points up to 15 months) The short-term loans are generally advanced for discovering annual recurring purchases such as, seed, feed, fertilizers, engage labour expenses, pesticides, weedicides, hired machinery weight downs, etc., and term ed as seasonal loans/ exploit loans/production loans. These are expected to be repaid subsequently the harvest. It is expected that the loan plus interest would be repaid from the income received finished the enterprise in which it was invested. The time limit to repay such loans is a year or at the most 18 months.(b) Medium-Term (from 15 months up to 5 years) Medium-term loans are advanced for comparatively longer lived assets such as machinery, diesel engine, wells, irrigation structure, threshers, shelters, crushers, muster and milch animals, dairy/ poultry sheds, etc., where the returns accruing from increase in farm assets in spread over more than one production period. The usual quittance period for such shell of loan is from fifteen months to tailfin years. (c) Long-Term (above 5 Years) Loans repayable over a longer period (i.e. above 5 years) are separate as long-term loans. Long-term loans are related to the long lifed assets such as sinister machinery, land and its reclamation, errection of farm buildings, construction of permanent-drainage or irrigation system, etc. which require large sums of money for sign investment. The benefits generated through such assets are spread over the entire life of the asset. The normal re salary period for such loans ranges from five to fifteen or even upto 20 years.(ii) Purpose classification- Credit is also classified based on purpose of loans e.g. crop loan, poultry/dairy/piggery loan, irrigation loan, machinery and equipment loan, forestry loan, fishery loan etc. These loans signify the close relationship between time and use as well as rate of return (or profitability). Some measure loans are also classified as production and outlay loans due to the fact that production loans are diverted for consumption purposes by the weaker sections. So, the banks have also started financing for consumption purposes (exclusively for home consumption expenditures) besides financing for the production purposes. The c onsumption loans are also to be repaid from the sale proceeds of the crop.(iii) Security classification- Security offered/obtained provides another basis for classifying the loans. The unafraid(p)d loans are advanced as against the security of some tangible personal property such as land, livestock and other capital assets, i.e., median(a) and long term loans. The borrowers credit worthiness may act much more than the security offered, which if doubtful may result willful default.Moreover, the secured loans are notwithstanding classified on the basis of type of security e.g. mortgage loans, where legal mortgage of some property such as land is offered to the lender, i.e., loans for intangible asset property such as land improvement, irrigation infrastructures, etc. and hypothecated loans, where legal ownership of the asset financed remains with the lender though physical possession with the borrowers i.e. loans for tangible property such as tractor, machinery and equipments. The private money lenders, unremarkably possess items such as gold ornaments / jewellery or land as security, which reminds the borrower about his obligations of loan repayments. On the contrary, unlatched loans are generally advanced without offering any security e.g. short-term crop loans.(iv) Lender classification- Credit is also classified on the basis of lender such as (a) institutional Credit e.g. co-operative loans, commercial bank loans and government loans (b) Non-Institutional Credit e.g. superior and agricultural money lenders, traders and explosive charge agents, relatives and friends etc.(v) Borrower classification- The credit is also classified on the basis of type of borrowers (i.e., production or business activity as well as size of business) such as crop farmers, dairy farmers, poultry farmers, fisherman, rural artisans etc. or agricultural labourers, fringy/small/ long suit/large farmers, pitchers mound farmers or tribal farmers etc. Such classification has equit y considerations. credit is broadly classified based on various criteria1. Based on time This classification is based on the repayment period of the loan. It is sub-divided in to 3 typesShortterm loans These loans are to be repaid within a period of 6 to 18 months. All crop loans are said to be shortterm loans, but the aloofness of the repayment period varies according to the duration of crop. The farmers require this type of credit to meet the expenses of the ongoing agricultural operations on the farm like sowing, fertilizer application, plant protection measures, payment of wages to passing(a) labourers etc. The borrower is supposed to repay the loan from the sale proceeds of the crops raised.Medium term loans here(predicate) the repayment period varies from 18 months to 5 years. These loans are required by the farmers for bringing about some improvements on his farm by way of purchasing implements, electric motors, milch cattle, sheep and goat, etc. The relatively longer per iod of repayment of these loans is due to their partially-liquidating nature.Long term loans These loans fall due for repayment over a long time ranging from 5 years to more than 20 years or even more. These loans together with medium terms loans are called investment loans or term loans. These loans are meant for permanent improvements like levelling and reclamation of land, construction of farm buildings, purchase of tractors, raising of orchards ,etc. Since these activities require large capital, a longer period is required to repay these loans due to their non liquidating nature.2. Based on Purpose Based on purpose, credit is sub-divided in to 4 types. fulfil loans These loans refer to the credit wedded to the farmers for crop production and are intended to increase the production of crops. They are also called as seasonal agricultural operations (SAO) loans or short term loans or crop loans. These loans are repayable with in a period ranging from 6 to 18 months in lumpsum .Investment loans These are loans granted for purchase of equipment the productivity of which is distributed over more than one year.Loans given for tractors, pumpsets, tube wells, etc.Marketing loans These loans are meant to help the farmers in overcoming the distress sales and to market the declare in a better way. correct markets and commercial banks, based on the warehouse receipt are lending in the form of selling loans by advancing 75 per cent of the value of the produce. These loans help the farmers to clear off their debts and dispose the produce at remunerative prices. enjoyment loans Any loan advanced for some purpose other than production is broadly categorized as consumption loan. These loans seem to be unproductive but indirectly help oneself in more productive use of the crop loans i.e. with out diverting then to other purposes. Consumption loans are not very widely advanced and restricted to the areas which are hit by inseparable calamities. These loams are exte nded based on group guarantee basis with a maximum of three members. The loan is to be repaid with in 5 crop seasons or 2.5 years whichever is less. The branch manager is vested with the discretionary power of sanctioning these loans up to Rs. 5000 in each individual case. The rate of interest is around 11 per cent.The scheme may be extended to1) IRDP beneficiaries2) pocket-sized and marginal farmers3) Landless Agril. Laborers4) Rural artisans5) Other raft with very small means of livelihood hood such as carpenters, barbers, washermen, etc.3. Based on security The loan legal proceeding between lender and borrower are governed by confidence and this assumption is confine to private lending to some extent, but the institutional financial agencies do have their own procedural formalities on credit transactions. Therefore it is essential to classify the loans under this category into devil sub-categories viz., secured and unsecured loans. Secured loans Loans advanced against some security by the borrower are termed as secured loans. Various forms of securities are offered in obtaining the loans and they are of following types.I. Personal security Under this, borrower himself stands as the guarantor. Loan is advanced on the farmers promissory note. Third party guarantee may or may not be insisted upon (i.e. based on the understanding between the lender and the borrower) II. Collateral Security Here the property is pledged to secure a loan. The movable properties of the individuals like LIC bonds, fixed deposit bonds, warehouse receipts, machinery, livestock etc, are offered as security.III. personal chattel loans Here credit is obtained from pawn-brokers by pledging movable properties such as jewellery, utensils made of various metals, etc. IV. mortgage As against to collateral security, immovable properties are presented for security purpose For example, land, farm buildings, etc. The person who is creating the charge of mortgage is called mortgagor (borro wer) and the person in whose favour it is created is know as the mortgagee (banker).Mortgages are of two types a) Simple mortgage When the mortgaged property is ancestrally inherited property of borrower then simple mortgage holds good. Here, the farmer borrower has to register his property in the name of the banking institution as a security for the loan he obtains. The adjustment charges are to be borne by the borrower. b) Equitable mortgage When the mortgaged property is self-acquired property of the borrower, then equitable mortgage is applicable. In this no such registration is required, because the ownership functions are clearly contract in the title deeds in the name of farmer-borrower.V. Hypothecated loans Borrower has ownership right on his movable and the banker has legal right to take a possession of property to sale on default (or) a right to sue the owner to bring the property to sale and for realization of the amount due. The person who creates the charge of hypoth ecation is called as hypothecator (borrower) and the person in whose favor it is created is known as hypothecate (bank) and the property, which is denoted as hypothecated property.This happens in the case of tractor loans, machinery loans etc. Under such loans the borrower will not have any right to sell the equipment until the loan is clean-cut off. The borrower is allowed to use the purchased machinery or equipment so as to enable him pay the loan installment regularly. Hypothecated loans again are of two types viz., key loans and open loans. a) Key loans The agricultural produce of the farmer borrower will be kept under the control of lending institutions and the loan is advanced to the farmer . This helps the farmer from not resorting to distress sales.b) expand loans Here only the physical possession of the purchased machinery rests with the borrower, but the legal ownership remains with the lending institution till the loan is repaid.Unsecured loans Just based on the confi dence between the borrower and lender, the loan transactions take place. No security is kept against the loan amount4. Lenders classification Credit is also classified on the basis of lender such asInstitutional credit Here are loans are advanced by the institutional agencies like co-operatives, commercial banks. Ex Co-operative loans and commercial bank loans.Non-institutional credit Here the individual persons will lend the loans Ex Loans given by professional and agricultural money lenders, traders, thrill agents, relatives, friends, etc.5. Borrowers classification The credit is also classified on the basis of type of borrower. This classification has equity considerations.Based on the business activity like farmers, dairy farmers, poultry farmers, pisiculture farmers, rural artisans etc.Based on size of the farm agricultural labourers, marginal farmers, small farmers , medium farmers , large farmers ,Based on location hill farmers (or) tribal farmers.6. Based on liquidity The credit can be classified into two types based on liquidity and they are Self-liquidating loans They generate income now and are to be paid with in one year or after the completion of one crop season. Ex crop loans. Partially -liquidating They will take some time to generate income and can be repaid in 2-5 years or more, based on the economic activity for which the loan was taken. Ex Dairy loans, tractor loans, orchard loans etc., 7. Based on approachIndividual approach Loans advanced to individuals for different purposes will fall under this categoryArea based approach Loans given to the persons falling under given area for specific purpose will be categorized under this. Ex Drought abandoned Area Programme (DPAP) loans, etcDifferential Interest Rate (DIR) approach Under this approach loans will be given to the weaker sections 4 per cent per annum.8. Based on contactDirect Loans Loans extended to the farmers directly are called direct loans. Ex Crop loans.Indirect loans Loans giv en to the agro-based firms like fertilizer and pesticide industries, which are indirectly effective to the farmers aSource of Agricultural Credit are called iidirct loans.The sources of agricultural finance are broadly classified into two categories (A) noninstitutional Credit Agencies or informal sources, and (B) Institutional Credit Agencies or Formal Sources.A. Non-institutional Credit Agenciesi) Traders and Commission Agents Traders and commission agents advance loans to agriculturists for productive purposes against their crop without completing legal formalities. It often becomes obligatory for farmers to buy inputs and sell widening through them. They charge a very heavy rate of interest on the loan and a commission on all the sales and purchases, making it exploitative in nature.ii) Landlords Mostly small farmers and tenants depend on landlords for meeting their production and day to day financial requirements.iii) notes lenders Despite rapid development in rural branches of different institutional credit agencies, village money lenders still dominate the scene. Money lenders are of two types- agriculturist money lenders who combine their money lending job with farming and professional money lenders whose sole job is money lending. A number of reasons have been attributed for the popularity of moneylenders such as (a) they meet guide for productive as well as unproductive requirement (b) they are easily comprehensible at odd hours and(c) they require very low paper work and advances are given against promissory notes or land. Money lenders charge a very high rate of interest as they take advantage of the urgency of the situation. Over the years a need for regulation of money lending has been tangle. But lack of institutional credit access to certain sections and areas had facilitated unhindered operation of money lending.B. Institutional Credit AgenciesThe evolution of institutional credit to agriculture could be broadly classified into four dist inct phases 1904-1969 (predominance of co-operatives and displace up of run batted in), 1969-1975 nationalisation of commercial banks and setting up of regional Rural Banks (RRBs), 1975-1990 (setting up of NABARD) and from 1991 onwards (financial sector reforms). Institutional funding of the farm sector is mainly by commercial banks, regional rural banks and co-operative banks. Share of commercial banks in total institutional credit to agriculture is almost 48 percent followed by cooperative banks with a share of 46 per cent. Regional Rural Banks account for just about 6 per cent of total credit disbursement.i) disposal These are both short term as well as long-term loans. These loans are popularly known as Taccavi loans which are generally advanced in times of natural calamities. The rate of interest is low. But it is not a major source of agricultural finance.ii) accommodative Credit Societies The history of cooperative movement in India dates back to 1904 when first Cooperati ve Credit Societies stage was passed by the Government. The scope of the venture was restricted to establishment of primary credit societies and non-credit societies were left out of its purview. The shortcomings of the Act were rectified through passing another Act called Cooperative Societies Act 1912. The Act gave provision for registration of all types of Cooperative Societies. This made the emergence of rural cooperatives both in the credit and noncredit areas, though with abrasive spatial growth. In subsequent years a number of committees were appointed and recommendations implemented to improve the operate of the cooperatives.Soon after the independence, the Government of India following the recommendations of All India Rural Credit Survey Committee (1951) felt that cooperatives were the only alternative to promote agricultural credit and development of rural areas. Accordingly, cooperatives received substantial help in the provision of credit from Reserve Bank of India as a part of loan policy and large scale assistance from Central and State Governments for their development and strengthening. Many schemes involving subsidies and concessions for the weaker sections were routed through cooperatives. As a result cooperative institutions registered a remarkable growth in the post-independence India.iii) Commercial Banks Previously commercial banks (CBs) were intent only to urban areas serving mainly to trade, commerce and industry. Their role in rural credit was exiguous i.e., 0.9 per cent in 1951- 52 and 0.7 per cent in 1961-61. The insignificant participation of CBs in rural lending was explained by the risky nature of agriculture due to its heavy dependence on monsoon, unorganized nature and subsistence approach. A major change took place in the form of nationalisation of CBs in 1969 and CBs were made to play an active role in agricultural credit. At present, they are the largest source of institutional credit to agriculture.iv) Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) RRBs were set up in those regions where availability of institutional credit was found to be inadequate but potential for agricultural development was very high. However, the main thrust of the RRBs is to provide loans to small and marginal farmers, landless labourers and village artisans. These loans are advanced for productive purposes. At present 196 RRBs are functioning in the country lending around Rs 9,000 crore to rural people, particularly to weaker sections.v) Microfinancing Microfinancing through Self Help Groups (SHG) has assumed expulsion in recent years. SHG is group of rural poor who volunteer to organise themselves into a group for eradication of poverty of the members. They agree to save regularly and convert their savings into a common fund known as the Group corpus. The members of the group agree to use this common fund and such other funds that they may receive as a group through a common management. Generally, a self-help group consists of 10 to 20 persons.However, in difficult areas like deserts, hills and areas with scattered and sparse population and in case of minor irrigation and disabled persons, this number may range from 5-20. As soon as the SHG is formed and a couple of group meetings are held, an SHG can open a Savings Bank account with the nigh Commercial or Regional Rural Bank or a Cooperative Bank. This is essential to reserve the thrift and other earnings of the SHG safely and also to improve the transparency levels of SHGs transactions. Opening of SB account, in fact, is the beginning of a relationship between the bank and the SHG. The Reserve Bank of India has emerged instructions to all banks permitting them to open SB accounts in the name of registered or unregistered SHGs.Genesis and Historical BackgroundThe Committee to Review Arrangements for Institutional Credit for Agriculture and Rural Development (CRAFICARD) set up by the run batted in under the Chairmanship of Shri B Sivaraman in its report submitt ed to Governor, Reserve Bank of India on November 28, 1979 recommended the establishment of NABARD. The Parliament through the Act 61 of 81, approved its setting up. The Committee after reviewing the organizations came to the conclusion that a new arrangement would be necessary at the national level for achieving the desired focus and thrust towards integration of credit activities in the context of the strategy for Integrated Rural Development.Against the backdrop of the massive credit needs of rural development and the need to uplift the weaker sections in the rural areas within a given time sight the arrangement called for a separate institutional set-up. Similarly. The Reserve Bank had onerous responsibilities to discharge in respect of its many basic functions of central banking in monetary and credit regulations and was not therefore in a position to devote undivided attention to the operational details of the emerging complex credit problems. Thispaved the way for the estab lishment of NABARD. CRAFICARD also found it prudent to integrate short term, medium term and long-term credit structure for the agriculture sector by establishing a new bank. NABARD is the result of this recommendation. It was set up with an initial capital of Rs 100 crore, which was enhanced to Rs 2,000 crore, fully subscribedRole and Functions NABARD is an apex institution accredited with all matters concerning policy, planning and operations in the cranial orbit of credit for agriculture and other economic activities in rural areas. It is an apex refinancing agency for the institutions providing investment and production credit for promoting the various developmental activities in rural areas It takes measures towards institution building for improving absorptive capacity of the credit delivery system, including monitoring, formulation of rehabilitation schemes, restructuring of credit institutions, raising of personnel, etc. It co-ordinates the rural financing activities of all the institutions engaged in developmental work at the field level and maintains liaison with Government of India, State Governments, Reserve Bank of India and other national level institutions concerned with policy formulation. It prepares, on annual basis, rural credit plans for all districts in the country these plans form the base for annual credit plans of all rural financial institutions It undertakes monitoring and evaluation of projects refinanced by it. It promotes research in the fields of rural banking, agriculture and rural developmentby the Government of India and the run batted in.MissionPromoting sustainable and equitable agriculture and rural development through effective credit support, related services, institution building and other innovative initiatives. In pursuing this mission, NABARD focuses its activities on Credit functions, involving preparation of potential-linked credit plans annually for all districts of the country for identification of credit pot ential, monitoring the flow of ground level rural credit, issuing policy and operational guidelines to rural financing institutions and providing credit facilities to eligible institutions under various programmes Development functions, concerning reinforcement of the credit functions and making credit more productive Supervisory functions, ensuring the proper functioning of cooperative banks and regional rural banks ObjectivesNABARD was established in terms of the Preamble to the Act, for providing credit for the promotion of agriculture, small scale industries, cottage and village industries, handicrafts and other rural crafts and other allied economic activities in rural areas with a view to promoting IRDP and securing prosperity of rural areas and for matters connected therewith in incidental thereto.The main objectives of the NABARD as stated in the statement of objectives while placing the identity card before the Lok Sabha were categorized as under 1. The National Bank will be an apex fundamental law in respect of all matters relating to policy, planning operational aspects in the field of credit for promotion of Agriculture, Small Scale Industries, Cottage and Village Industries, Handicrafts and other rural crafts and other allied economic activities in rural areas. 2. The Bank will serve as a refinancing institution for institutional credit such as long-term, short-term for the promotion of activities in the rural areas. 3. The Bank will also provide direct lending to any institution as may approved by the Central Government. 4. The Bank will have organic links with the Reserve Bank and maintain a close link with in.sources of line of descents important share capital of NABARD is Rs 500 crores and issues and paid up capital is Rs 100 crores. NABARD accrues additional funds from borrowings from the Government of India and any institution approved by the Government of India, issue and sale of bonds i.e. Rural Infrastructural Development Bond, borrow ings from RBI, deposits from State Governments and local authorities and gifts and grants received. NABARD have been providing financial assistance to various financial institutions engaged in Rural Credit Delivery System. These agencies include Co-operative Credit Institutions, Regional Rural Banks and Commercial Banks. The demand for funds for rural development has come up considerably in recent times. To meet the increasing demand of rural credit, NABARD raises funds from the following sources (i) CapitalIt went up from Rs.100 crore in treat 1992 to Rs.1500 crore in bound 1998 and further Rs. 2000 crore in 1999. The total Capital of NABARD is contributed by Government of India and RBI. The capital remained at Rs. 2000 crore in work on 2002.(ii) DepositsThe deposits mainly come from Rural Infrastructural Development Fund (RIDF) introduced in Central Government Budget from the year 1995-96. other source of deposits comes from banks which fall short of attaining priority sector posterior. The total outstanding RIDF deposits aggregated Rs. 9725 crore as on 31st work 2002.(iii) BorrowingsNABARD raises funds through market borrowings, Loans from Union Government and borrowings in Foreign funds from abroad. Apart from these they also borrow funds from RBI. Their borrowings are mainly from three sources. They are by issue of bonds, borrowings from Government of India and borrowing abroad in foreign currency. The total outstanding borrowing amounted to Rs. 15,772 crore in March 2002.(iv) Reserves andThe excess of income over expenditures is generally accumu- Surplus lated as Reserves and surplus. As on March 2002, these reserves aggregated to Rs. 3626 crore.(v) Nation Rural CreditThese funds were earlier provided by RBI to NABARD in con- Funds (Long-term section with assistance under Agriculture Sector. These were Operation Fund & given out of profits earned by RBI. They stood at Rs.11064 crore Stabilization Fund) as on March 99. However it has deceased up t o Rs. 13,975 crore as on March 2002. However, Reserve Bank stopped contributing large sums towards these two Funds from 1994. Presently, the RBI contributes only Rs.1.00 crore each to these funds as a symbolic gesture because the RBI Act provides for such contributions. The balance contribution now comes from NABARDs own profit.(vi) Rural Infrastructural Development Fund (RIDF)The setting up of RIDF was announced in the Union Budget for 1995-96. The RIDF was set up with a contribution of Rs. 2000 crore mainly to provide assistance to State Governments to take up infrastructure projects pertaining to irrigation, rural roads, bridges and alluvium control measures. Contributions to this Fund came from Indian Scheduled Commercial Banks (other than RRBs) which failed to achieve the minimum agricultural lending target of 18 per cent of net bank credit. The shortfall of amounts in the target achievement was required to be kept in the RIDF with NABARD. Similarly RIDF II was set up in 1996- 97 with contributions made by customary sector banks which failed to achieve the minimum priority sector advances of 40 per cent. The shortfall in their target amount has to be kept in RIDF II. RIDF III was set up in 1997-98 with shortfall in priority sector landings of all private and public sector commercial banks.The contributions to these Funds were eligible for interest payment to be decided by Reserve Bank from time to time. The Funds are managed by NABARD. Loans out of these funds are mainly provided to State Governments to complete existing rural infrastructural projects and also for taking up new infrastructural projects in rural areas. Loans out of RIDF I was provided interest at the rate of 13.0 per cent and at 12.0 per cent out of RIDF II and III. The projects generally pertain to irrigation facilities and construction of Roads and Bridges in rural areas. Similarly RIDF IV and V were created in the Union Budget during 1998-99 and 1999- 2000. Further RIDF VI and VII were created in 2001 and 2002 with a corpus of Rs. 4,500 crore and Rs. 5,000 crore respectively.The scope of the fund has been extended to cover Gram Panchayats, Self Help Groups to develop rural infrastructural facilities like soil conservation, rural market yards, drainage improvement, etc. Students may observe the capital of NABARD has gone up by Rs. 1,500 crore to Rs. 2,000 crore during the year 2002. Similarly, the RIDF deposits which were only Rs. 3,608 crore in March 1999 were increased to Rs. 9,725 crore as on March 2002. The borrowing of NABARD has gone up substantially in the recent past from Rs. 9,000 crore in March 1999 to Rs. 15,772 crore in March 2002. The aggregate resources of NABARD were also substantially increased from Rs. 28,986 crore in March 1999 to Rs. 45,098 crore in March 2002. On the uses of funds while the loans and advances increased by about 25% between March 1999 and March 2002 loans out of RIDF funds went up substantially from Rs. 3,667 crore to Rs. 10,435 crore during the same period.