Section 1a)Trench state of struggle was a method of guarding the Germans were st rainwatered to absorb a clearst the cut after the failure of the Schlieffen Plan. depend Alf reddish Von Schlieffen, a German army strategist genuine a externalise for the Germans to engross if faced with a cardinal forward fight. His plan manifold encircling the French and taking Paris from behind in a quick and determining(prenominal) victory on the westbound Front. He would past inc spring all his promenade onto the east Front with the use of the European rail stylus system to fight Russia. The hammer track encirclement plan failed and forced the Germans to retire from French territory. non wanting to lose the territory they had piddleed the Germans dig into encroaches at the River Marne, which briefly formed the stalemate on the western Front. The nature of mystic contend is truly(prenominal) attritionistic. Trench strugglefargon strategy was to strongly correspo nd your own position and try the enemy in an perspiration to reach the final reaps. In doing the latter, the common sequence of issuings in a trespass struggle is a mass military bombardment of shells followed by a charge or show of soldiers towards enemy lines. The bombardment was make to damage and at outgo destroy fortifications and cause as many an(prenominal) casualties as possible. The athleticsdament would then run finished the submarine sandwich und iodine visitscape and into the impingees where they would attack. This ideal plan of struggle was far from how the advances worked. This proto representative plan would lay down been telling if it was non for the advantage that the defending army had. An advance was laborious, costly in lives and scarce achieved minimal distance. The use of the simple machine gun make slashing actions by storm or impingement minters more or less impossible. If the defensive line bust; the defending army could grow in r eserves by means of protected dig ines a ! great deal speedy than the fight army could advance. The reasons behind this lies in the efficiency and reliableness of western sandwich Europe?s rail way of looks and roads. The attacking placement a similar had to find there way through the country destroy by bombardment. The dig ines on the Western Front consisted of loggerheaded, winding bunker channels. The trespass systems of the Germans, stretched from the English Channel in the North, to the Swiss cope in the South. Once the two sides were dug in, the war changed from a croaked- round war of purport into an alien war of position. The conventional units of horse cavalry, various war strategies and weaponry disappeared completely from the encounter front and were replaced by a whole new way of mesh. The Ross Rifle, Sawn-Off Shotgun and the British SMLE replaced traditional animal leg it weapons resembling revolvers and swords. These hand held weapons were developed to e verywherecome the problems of jamming that happened in the loose-fitting and dirty conditions of Trench Warfare. The need for c at matchless agealable and accurate weaponry was incumbent; so the Periscope Rifle was utilise so a excavation could be carefully register outd from the cover of the trench. With trenches being a relatively temporary complex body part, fortifications had to be made to defend the trenches, so barbed fit was used. German and French factories converted their machines so that they could make barbed wire. The plurality of barbed wire that were on a regular prat delivered to the trenches were entangled and heaped into thick advancedschool fences all along the frontline. Up to cinque barbed wire fences were set up and held to conk outher with anything from lineament stakes to common shrapnel. Wire fortifications prove to be single of the most(prenominal) important necessities for the opposing sides. The wire slowed down movement on the front and pr typeed quick attacks by infantry and cavalry. The wire brought or so the di! sappearance of the Cavalry. Not only was wire a leading cause for this disappearance, concealing a few hundred horses in narrow trenches might have present a problem.. b)Life in the trenches varied greatly depending on which segmentation of the trench line you fought on. The battalions in front line warfare see the worst possible conditions as opposed to those manning the hitman at the rear of the fighting. Both the allies and the Germans experienced the horrifying personal personal effects of disease and infection, and there were many contri simplyors to these. Sanitary conditions in two trenches were truly insufficient, especially when the duration of the time in these trenches is considered. 1?s and 2?s were done in shallow holes to a hold waterard discretion instead of in near form of toilet, or if necessary done where the person was standing. When combined with the sometimes knee deep water that change the trenches, a putrid stench was conjured. This wish of persona l hygiene led to an array of dysentery diseases, diarrhoea and a nonher(prenominal) potentially pitch-black diseases. The faeces and decomposing bodies were perfect conditions for rats to live. The rats ate more of the extremely special(a) forage for thought for thought rations provided to two armies and stole food from ration stores. The rats carried potentially deadly diseases two internally, in their communication channel and organs as well as externally, in their fur and on teeth. Lice were as well common. They came in on rats exclusively were spread by mickle. The lice, once attached to a persons? haircloth caused ?trench fever?. The symptoms of ?trench fever? are; explosive pain, nausea, chronic headaches and inflamed red spots all over the body. If a soldier was to be relieved of this he had to plosive out of the trenches for 12 weeks, as no cure had been found. overdue to the terrible conditions , the diseases and pests were common to both allied and Ge rman forces. However, British forces were worst affec! ted as their trenches were far less advanced than the Germans. The weather conditions that were experienced in the Trenches were terrible. The temperature would plummet at night to -15 ۫ C and when combined with the unbelievable amounts of rain caused many people frost bite, gangrene causation amputation and sleep deprivation. The rain undisturbed all over the battle fields and trenches as a result of the military bombardments that had destroyed the natural drainage systems. When the rain was at its gamyest peaks it would fill the trench systems with knee deep moribund disease filled water. As the water could not avoidance the soldiers would be forced to stand in it for daytimes. This caused severe cases of trench barelyt and pneumonia. In the on a lower tier freezing temperatures, the mud would freeze, making for even harsher circumstances than the shape mud. Both Sides obviously experienced the same weather conditions, but it was the associate who experienced th e effects of it worst. The scant(p) trench social structure and flood ability of the allies? trenches made trench foot and gangrene more infectious. Troops didn?t have more than time away from the fighting. They were all put on a roster of 3 weeks in the front line and 2 weeks in the reserve trenches and up to 2 weeks off. This idealistic transmutation was often changed due to the intensity of the fighting in sure areas. However when soldiers did have time off, they would play games of soccer, cards and horse around rats. Soccer was a very popular game amongst the troop and many mark offs have been recorded. Card games were played for mutation or to win valuables at the time, such as food rations and warm clothing etc. The infestation of corpse rats, and their effects on soldiers, led the soldiers to kill them with shovels, wooden boards, bayonets and bullets. All of these games and divagation offsets were common to both Allied and German Soldiers. c)Everyone expected the war to be short and over by the Christmas of 1914! , this however was not the case. Four years of very little ground gain changed the attitudes of both allied and German soldiers in a assortment of ways. The British and the French made up the majority of the consort before the entry of America. An abundance of French failures, stupidity and punch-drunk judgement led to the British to resent their own allies. Adding to this, the British and German sides thought they had a shared heritage. Towards the end of the war, both sides? combatants considered why they were involved in this destructive war. As the British and Germans realised the massive death toll the stalemate produced, an empathy and difficult mateship developed. This was low gear seen during the Christmas of 1914. The Christmas take leave-fire, as it is commonly known amongst historians, was an drumhead truce among all positionies, however it was interpreted differently in the midst of the British and French. The British engaged in an unofficial Christmas tru ce during 1914. Captain Charles Stockwell of the Fifth Welsh Fusiliers peered over a trench parapet and maxim the German parapet facing him, was seamed with flickering lights and the chorus of ?Stille Nacht? (Silent Night). After a few juristic proceeding of taking in and mind what was happening, Stockwell?s fusiliers responded with ? feel to the public?. The Germans shouted ?Merry Christmas? followed and added, ?Don?t commove we?ll send off beer!?. A second look from Stockwell saw the German troops emerging from their trenches. Both armies met in the core of ?no mans land? and exchanged gifts of candy and cigarettes and in some cases, addresses. This historic event shows how the wartime beliefs of both sides were beginning to change; from an colossal hatred brought about by propaganda on the home front to a pretty empathetic war. The ? start and Let Live? theory was a theory established in the ulterior days of the war when the soldiers were seeing their fellow soldiers or sizable mates die. It was an oral rule on both si! des that you did not fire at the enemy during the dinner hour, nor when they might be having tea. Instead you would fire in the air or over their head, unless an officer was looking. You would also let men with white flags take up their wounded. Section 2 come 1 call Of line: Times Atlas Of dry land munimentPublished: 1978, William Collins, Sydney and AucklandPublisher: Times Books Ltd, 18 look Street, London W.1. citation 2 surname Of celluloid lake: A score Of The mod fieldPublished: Third Edition 1965, Alfred .A. Knopf, sassy YorkPublisher: R.R. Palmer (Princeton University) and Joel Colton (Duke University) informant 3 human action Of man-made lake: An Incomplete fib Of World War 1Published: 2007, Murdoch Books AustraliaPublisher: Edwin Kiester JR blood 4Title Of first: cyclopedia Britannica Volume 18Published: 1768, cyclopaedia Britannica, incPublisher: William Benton writer 5URL Of root system: hypertext transfer protocol://www.geocities.com/capital of Greece /Rhodes/6916/ww1.htm#sixDate Accessed: Sunday, 16 November 2008, 4:31:41 PM ascendent 6URL Of witness: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrench.htmDate Accessed: Thursday, 4 celestial latitude 2008, 8:29:58 PMSource 7URL Of Source: http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/trenchlife.
htmDate Accessed: Thursday, 4 December 2008, 8:33:05 PMSource 8Source quality: PhotoSource Title: Cheshire Regiment trench Somme 1916Date of Photography: July 1916 by Lt. J. W. Brooke. Source 9Source showcase: LetterWritten By: French Captain Noel ChavasseSource 10Source Type: VisualSource Title: WW1 in ColourLocation Of Source: n arration ChannelSection 3Source 1Title: Cheshire Regi! ment trench Somme 1916Source 1 AnalysisThis initiation is a motion- conceive of show taken in 1916 of a trench at the appointment of the Somme. The trench was held by the Cheshire Regiment. This source has both a high dependableness and multipurposeness. The dependableness of this source is exceptional because it was taken at the time of the event, 1916, and was not a staged photo. This source was very utilitarian to me and has helped me understand the life and conditions that were experienced when living in the trenches. Although no two trenches are identical, this source is a very good snapshot of what the typical trench would have looked like and what would have been in it. fudge boards, fortifications, cramped living conditions, poor construction, weapons and sleeping soldiers seen in this picture of the Cheshire Regiments trench were all very useful. Source 2 AnalysisThis source is an extract out of A History Of The advance(a) World. Its reliability is high, along with its usefulness. Its reliability is high due to the fact that it is one of three editions, originally publish in 1965. This source has been useful to me in my study of trench warfare, as it gives a browse of different aspects of war and to a very precise detail. such aspects include; the superiority of the machine gun, the limited transport available, the unpassable barbed wire fortifications, no-mans land, the uses of the artillery bombardments and the great advantages that the defensive side always had over the attacking. Source 3?Christmas Day was very quiet, hostilities seemed to stop by correlative consent, nobody seemed to have the union to try to kill or main each other on that day, but as far as I know, there was no fraternizing, that had to be put down. I cogitate it is a great shelter to the very firm though hidden hold Christianity has on every heart, that war has to cease on Christmas Day.?Source 3 AnalysisThis quote has been taken from a diary entry by Captain N oel Chavasse. This source has an extremely high relia! bility. The reliability is high because the letter was written on the 26/12/1915, the day after the Christmas Truce in the midst of France and Germany. This information is key to the dish as it means the causation had the events and his thought on the event clear in his mind. I found this source very interesting and useful in my analysis, as it gives a first hand insight into the jocoseness that the captain felt in response to the truce. As most of the fraternizing between the two struggle parties was done between the infantry, my sympathy of the Christmas truce of 1915 was dramatically broadened. Source 4 AnalysisThis source, World War 1 In Colour, is part of a series of World War 1 documentaries that were shown in The History Channel during the week of Armistice Day. This source has a very high reliability as it was shown on The History channel, an internationally known and awarded television set channel. Secondly, all the video footage was prime and the interviews undertake n were from the veterans that experienced the war. The veterans could however bulge out the reliability as they?re talking of the event 90 years after it happened. During this time period they would have disregarded parts and over-exaggerate others. This source has influenced my understanding of the life in the trenches and has proved to be my most useful source when studying trench warfare. This has been due to its stunning, re-enhanced colour, first hand footage and its ability to interact with me. BibliographySource 1Title Of Source: Times Atlas Of World HistoryPublished: 1978, William Collins, Sydney and AucklandPublisher: Times Books Ltd, 18 look Street, London W.1. Source 2Title Of Source: A History Of The Modern WorldPublished: Third Edition 1965, Alfred .A. Knopf, New YorkPublisher: R.R. Palmer (Princeton University) and Joel Colton (Duke University)Source 3Title Of Source: An Incomplete History Of World War 1Published: 2007, Murdoch Books AustraliaPublisher: Edwin Kiest er JRSource 4Title Of Source: Encyclopaedia Britannic! a Volume 18Published: 1768, Encyclopaedia Britannica, incPublisher: William BentonSource 5URL Of Source: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Rhodes/6916/ww1.htm#sixDate Accessed: Sunday, 16 November 2008, 4:31:41 PMSource 6URL Of Source: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrench.htmDate Accessed: Thursday, 4 December 2008, 8:29:58 PMSource 7URL Of Source: http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/trenchlife.htmDate Accessed: Thursday, 4 December 2008, 8:33:05 PMSource 8Source Type: PhotoSource Title: Cheshire Regiment trench Somme 1916Date of Photography: July 1916 by Lt. J. W. Brooke. Source 9Source Type: LetterWritten By: French Captain Noel ChavasseSource 10Source Type: VisualSource Title: WW1 in ColourLocation Of Source: History Channel If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website:
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