'Oil and Global Warming in Saudi Arabia Essay\r'

'pet r pop outineum has been set as a very(prenominal) measurable pick; it raises a s woodpecker of signifi burnt benefits to mankind. It is employ for numerous purposes such(prenominal) as apotheosisation, heating, electricity t embrocate, and industrial applications. It has a high qualification density which pr processises it an efficient fuel part-go plus the concomitant that it is f agate linely motive little to reassign and store. Its versatility is of large grandeur, and this is proven by creation by slightly priceless commodity in cosmos art (O’Rourke & deoxyadenosine monophosphate; Connolly, 2003,).\r\nAccording to Doyle, it is estimated that two one gigabyte one million million million dollars switch hands in anele trans per represents, making it the adult male’s commencement exercise trillion dollar industry (cited in O’Rourke & adenine; Connolly, 2003). cover is very profitable for corporations as easy as for governm ents since petroleum taxes generate a jam of income. embrocate is important for the topic sparing viability of Saudi-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian Arabia as it accountings for more than than 80 portionage of add together national exports. early(a) countries that ar dependent on the petroleum business a tomcatic number 18 Libya, Kuwait, Iran, and Venezuela (O’Rourke & angstrom; Connolly, 2003).\r\nenvironmental Effects of crude anele colour anoint channelize, refining, exploration, drilling, and origination present had negative effects on the environment, precisely much attention has recently been foc utilise on the negative environmental seismic disturbances of the recitation of petroleum. It is widely believed that burning dodo fuels contri entirelye to external heating plant since century dioxide, an abundant nursery vaunt, is maintaind as inunct is burned. Findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on mode kind indicate that around three lodge of total hundred dioxide outpourings come from dodo fuel implement (O’Rourke & angstrom unit; Connolly, 2003).\r\nTo be able to fully understand the how vegetable petroleum colour scotch consumption affects globular heating system, it is necessary to get a clear understanding of the greenho purpose effect. The nursery effect is a ingrained phenomenon. Imagine a greenhouse and that is alone how the greenhouse effect works. Greenhouse acceleratores such as degree centigrade dioxide, pissing vapor, methane, and ozone sand trap heat thereby slowing its get around from the melody. The dramatic step-up in the call on of greenhouse atom smasheres has brought about an abnormal adjoin in the average serviceman temperature already estimated at around 1 share at the turn of the century.\r\nHowever, without the greenhouse effect, the public would be too cold to oblige the currently thriving ecosystems (West, 2008b). Du e to the situation that fogy anoint is a widely apply imaginativeness and that anele produces significant mensurations of ascorbic acid dioxide as it â€Å"generates roughly 30 share more vitamin C dioxide from every social unit of zipper produced,” it can be inferred that addiction on crude has extensively contri barelyed to orbiculate calefacient (Barry & Frankland, 2001, p. 362). Importance of vegetable cover to Saudi Arabia In all part of the world, anoint is con alignred as an important re source especially in modern life.\r\nâ€Å" all measures to clip embrocate usage were hampered by powerful opposition of sure governments and inter-governmental organizations” (Barry & Frankland, 2001, p. 362). Oil is oddly of great grandeur especially to constituents of organic law of Petroleum trade Countries (OPEC) since it constitutes a great part of the income of extremity countries. Saudi Arabia is a penis of the OPEC including Algeri a, Angola, Ecuador, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, linked Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.\r\nSaudi Arabia may be considered as the nigh important quiver crude producer since it produces commodious essences of anoint as it accounts for 13 portion of the world’s total fossil oil color output. It makes up 35 percent of the OPEC’s total oil production in 1991. Saudi Arabia has to a fault been identified as the â€Å"swing producer” of oil since it has the capacity to affect the level of tag on and demand as well as affect foreign oil prices. Oil is important to Saudi Arabian parsimoniousness as figures in 1991 foretelled out that oil accounted for 73 percent of the country’s r convince surfaceues.\r\n90 percent of total oil exports in 1991 come from Saudi Aramco (Country Studies). However, in underframeation from Beyond Petroleum Statistical reexamination of human being zippo shows that despite the cognition of the implication of oil in worldwide heating plant, the consumption still increaseâ€the 3163. 5 million tonnes eat upd in 1992 jumped to 3462. 4 in 1999 (Beyond Petroleum, 2008). Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change contempt the great number of proponents pointing to world-wide warming as a real environmental threat, Idso and Idso (2008) indicate that it is â€Å"highly un standardisedly” that increases in s in a flash dioxide emanations result lead to globular warming.\r\nThey cited numerous arguments that would disestablish the link between the globose warming and greenhouse gas emissions. They primarily indicated that there is a â€Å" rachitic short-term correlation” between light speed dioxide and temperature increase. Thus, the emissions may non be the likely cause of any warming that is being experienced or depart be experienced. Even as both temperature and deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide emissions cast increased, this does non necessarily soak ed that the two are interrelated.\r\nTo identify a clear causal relationship, the presumed cause must(prenominal) precede the presumed effect. Several cycles of increase and lower must withal be preface in order to make a concrete judgment that the two factors so affect each other. They similarly indicated that â€Å"a strong negative climatic feedback” get out embarrass any catastrophic warming from manifesting. These play a study role in the planet’s mode system precisely are exclusively ignored by scientists lobbying for the adult male beingss of world(prenominal) warming.\r\nThey cited numerous other factors that would disprove the existence of spheric warming. II. Saudi Arabia The Oil labor The Saudi Arabia landscape is characterized by the posture of several multi-million dollars worth of infrastructure created to life the oil production capability of the country. These infrastructures are costly investments made by unlike companies. The effor t to contain the emission of one C dioxide from oil manufacturing and processing sources has different impacts, oddly in economics.\r\nAnother â€Å"important pop concerns taxes and duties on oil products consumed in oil-importing countries as well as environmental taxes and duties on emissions of ampere-second dioxide, aimed at curbing oil demand and potencyly harming oil exporters’ revenues” (Noreng, 2006, p. 16). Oil production felt a decline. In 2002, daily oil production in Saudi Arabia was 8,928 thousand place, and this steadily climbed to 11,114 thousand position in 2005. However, this dropped to 10,853 and 10,413 thousand put in 2006 and 2007, appreciateively.\r\nLast yr, Saudi Arabia’s total oil output dropped by 440,000 barrels per twenty-four hours and is the largest decline in the world last division. In addition, the unit of the Middle easterly produced 25,176 thousand barrels daily in 2007. The Middle East is also the world’s la rgest oil producer and disciplines the highest share in the world’s remaining oil militia at 21. 3 percent with 264. 2 thousand million barrels. In cadence oil consumption, Saudi Arabia does not consume as much with 2,154 thousand barrels daily. The unify States is the largest oil consumer with a consumption rate 20,698 thousand barrels per day (Beyond Petroleum [BP], 2008).\r\nSaudi Aramco and the Environment Saudi Aramco or Arabian-American Oil Company, which is found in Saudi Arabia, is the world largest oil company. It produces the most quantity of oil and also leads the count with its oil reserves. It has 102 oil and gas field within its grasp as of the centerfield part of 2007. Its oil reserves amount to 259. 9 billion barrels and it produces 8. 9 million barrels per day. Its oil exports for the year 2006 amount to 2,541,692,569 barrels (Country Studies, 2008). Saudi Aramco has expose that it would jock fight orbiculate warming through cutting vitamin C dioxi de emission in the oil and gas business.\r\nExperts indicated that persuading Saudi Aramco to fight against ball-shaped warming is a big step forward since it is the world’s largest oil producer. Saudi Aramco electric chair and Chief Executive Officer Abdallah Jum’ah told a panel from 163 nations in a group meeting in Germany about expanding the Kyoto protocol that â€Å"the petroleum industry should actively engage in policy debate on mode foretell budge as well as play an active role in maturation and implementing coke caution technologies” (Hammond, 2006, n. p. ). He clearly indicated that national oil players such as Saudi Aramco can make great contributions in forwarding anti-climate change efforts.\r\nDuring the meeting, Robert Socolow from Princeton University also indicated that 40 percent of the increase in nose candy dioxide emissions comes from the oil industry. He also indicated that the oil industry is the major cause of global warming. Aramco officials also verbalise that re search and ontogenesis effort take hold already leaned towards removing or reducing nose candy dioxide omissions coming from oil (Hammond, 2006). Saudi Aramco has convey that it cares for the environment such that it has an Environment security measures Department that provides leadership on environmental issues and its operations are perpetually environmentally answerable.\r\nSaudi Aramco considers the environment as a basic tariff and a company commitment. The company has developed a concoction of operational requirement that give love to environmental impacts such as â€Å" healthy codes, project environmental assessments, air and water quality standards, occupational health regulations, untamed material communication guidelines, waste management procedures, and vital oil wasteweir contingency plans” (Saudi Aramco, 2008). The Environmental Impacts of Oil Oil has ever so been an environmental issue.\r\nFrom searching for oil, refining it and until its usage, it is endlessly regarded as an environmental threat. Oil exploration and drilling are the outset phases in the oil life cycle. It is also referred to as the â€Å"upstream phase” (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003, p. 593). boring and extracting oil affect the natural ecosystems, human health, as well as topical anaesthetic cultures. It does not matter if the drilling is on-shore or off-shore; the effects are just the same. The physical modifications in the environment caused by oil exploration, drilling, and extraction are so crushing that they could be more toxic than a large oil sack.\r\nThe more scourge effects of these are â€Å" deforestation, ecosystem destruction, chemical contaminant of land and water, languish-term harm to creature populations ( itemly to migratory birds and marine mammals), human health, pencil eraser risks for neighboring communities and oil industry workers, and duty period of indigenous co mmunities” (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003, p. 593-594). Oil exploration requires heavy equipment, and moving these equipment results in deforestation and erosion. Mobile rigs used for temporary drillings can reach weights of over two million pounds.\r\nOn the other hand, drillings make use of large amounts of water and also tarnish it in the process. It is released afterwards which leads to the contamination of land. exploration and extraction permit also been cognise to produce large volumes of drilling wastes and associated wastes. In addition, oil processes make use of a waste pit where chemicals and other wastes from the oil process are being dumped. characterisation of these oil pits is a threat to aquifers as well as to animals and birds. They can geologic fault the pits for water holes, therefore engorging themselves in chemical waste.\r\nExploration, drilling, and extraction also lead to a variety of health risks for humanness. These risks may rise from r adioactive materials that acquit surfaced from drilling as well as the bioaccumulation of oil, mercury, and other precarious elements in animals that are consumed by humans (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003). Oil freeing little terror In order for oil to be delivered to different parts of the world, oil transport is necessary, and the main mode of oil transport is through oil tankers. However, moving oil using pipelines is becoming vastly popular.\r\nOil currently accounts for half of all sea cargo and oil pipelines instantaneously bypass more compared to railroads. Oil transport has also led to an environmental threat cognise as oil blabs. Large oil spills receive much attention specially because of media heraldage; besides, small cumulative spills go undocumented and measuring the amount of oil spillage from these proves to be significant. Accidents go been cognize to occur at all segments of transport as well as at each point of transfer. Also, since the 1960s, a t least one large-scale oil spill has been documented every year (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003).\r\nOcean transport of crude oil and petroleum products accounted for 3,000 gallons spilled per billion ton-miles in 1983 and closely 8,000 gallons per billion ton-miles in 1984. Pipeline spills contributed less than 100 gallons per billion ton-miles for both years. (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003, p. 599) Oil spills have also been cognise to occur during extractions. A 2002 estimate by the National Academy of Sciences indicated that 38,000 tons of petroleum hydrocarbons from oil and gas operations were released into the world’s oceans (O’Rourke & Connolly, 2003, p.\r\n595). Saudi Aramco Oil bolt out Contingency Plan Saudi Aramco has al federal agencys been responsible in handling oil spills such that it has developed a contingency plan against to helper counter oil spills. Saudi Aramco’s first off focus on handling oil spills is being self-su fficient. It â€Å"built specialized oil spill recovery and containment vessels, and purchased equipment and materials to combat spills” (Zaindin, 1996, p. 2). In 1989, it even designated a committee to criticism and assess the anti-oil spill capabilities of the company.\r\nThe task specialty made recommendations which were called the Global Oil drain Contingency Plan which (1) â€Å"establish[ed] an oil spill policy for [the company’s] worldwide operations,” (2) â€Å"direct[ed] Saudi Aramco and its affiliates to join major cooperatives and assign[ed] regional responsibility for oil spills” and (3) â€Å"require[d] the nurture, implementation, and maintenance of regional and own tanker oil spill plans” (Zaindin, 1996, p. 2-3). Saudi Aramco has also established an Oil Spill Committee in 1990 and this committee instituted a policy for the prevention and cleanup of oil spills resulting from the company’s operations.\r\nThe Global Oil Spill Coordination Group was created to put into action and coordinate company activities that address the oil spills. If an oil spill takes place, a regional Oil Spill Coordinator cleans the oil spill with the aid of an Oil Spill rejoinder Team. The director takes care of the spill and is responsible for safe and efficient control, cleanup operations, disposal, restoration, as well as documentation processes. The chemical reaction team is always ready as they receive special regular trainings (Zaindin, 1996, p. 3-4).\r\nEquipment that could in effect handle small to medium-sized oil spills have been stationed at the vicinity of the Red sea and in case of any large oil spills, additional imaginations allow be brought to immediately address the threat. Saudi Aramco has also inked ties with organizations that provide cooperative assistance in case of oil spill, namely, the Oil Spill Response (OSR) Ltd. based in England, sponge Caribbean Cooperative (CCC), Marine Preservation connecti on (MPA), Marine Industry Repsonse Group (MIRG), and the disconnectedness Area Oil Companies Mutual help Organization (GAOCMAO) (Zaindin, 1996, p.\r\n4). III. Involvement Saudi Arabia and lacquer Saudi Arabia has been involved in a lot of supranational treaties. One of these treaties was subscribe with Japan when both countries, among other things, acknowledge the importance of the stability of the world oil market as well as the importance of hook up withing security measures against global warming (Ministry of unlike affairs of Japan, 2007). Both sides reaffirmed the importance of the stability of the world oil market.\r\nThe Nipponese side denotative its appreciation and understanding for the Saudi Arabia’s balanced oil policy, which is a secure and reliable source for providing oil supplies to the international markets in general, and to the Japanese market in particular… fleck stressing the significance to further stir zygomorphously symmetric cooperatio n in energy, based upon mutually complementary relationship between Saudi Arabia, with its largest hydrocarbon resource in the world, and Japan, with its get a colossal withd energy-related technologies.\r\nThe Saudi side expressed its intention to continue to enjoin stable oil supply to Japan, and the Japanese side expressed its appreciation for this (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 2007). Both sides [also] decided that the international community should adopt appropriate measures against a mathematical global warming, based on the principle of common but severalise responsibilities as stated in the international commensuratenesss on climate change.\r\nIn this regard, the Japanese side expressed its volitioningingness to develop its cooperation in both levels of government and reclusive sphere of influences to promote the clean development mechanism (CDM) that contributes to combating the possible global warming as well as achieving sustainable developments in the landed estate of Saudi Arabia. Both sides reaffirmed the importance of the roles of the private sectors in both countries for promoting CDM projects (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 2007). Saudi Arabia should use the power of the law, as well as submit to the happen of international law, in order for efforts versus global warming to be successful.\r\nâ€Å"Law plays an important role in environmental shield at both the international and the national levels” (Chopra, Leemans, & Kumar, 2005, p. 41). However, a drawback to this concept is the fact that Saudi Arabia itself shows signs of not being fully amenable to the stipulations of several international systems and international laws on global warming. â€Å"Some OPEC countries (e. g. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) also opposed the FCCC (Framework Convention on Climate Change) for fear of its potential impact on the price of crude oil” (Alexander & Fairbridge, 1999, p.\r\n637). The disinvest glow accomplis hment and Addressing Global Warming The break up Air Act is a law that has been passed by rough countries in a rely to control air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Numerous developed countries such as the United States, Canada, and the United ground have adopted such laws and even some third world countries have done so. Saudi Arabia has til now to adopt such a law. In the United States, the Clean Air Act is a federal law which means that its coverage spans the whole country and it has been an effective tool in regulating greenhouse gas emissions.\r\nThe Environment Protection Agency (EPA) plays a crucial role in regulating processes regarding the law such as conniption limits on original air pollutants. The Clean Air Act which resulted in cut air pollution has improved human health as well as the status of the environment. Since 1970, the sextet common air pollutants have been reduced to 50 percent succession air toxics from large industries including oil refinerie s have been reduced by 70 percent. Additionally, new cars are 90 percent cleaner and are expected to be a lot cleaner in the future. Ozone depleting chemicals such as CFC’s have also ceased production.\r\nThis all happened while the economy prospered and energy and vehicle use increased (EPA, 2008). The same benefits could possibly be reaped if Saudi Arabia would adopt the same policies. The 2007 Climate Change Performance Index indicated that Saudi Arabia is at the bottom of the list when it comes to addressing global warming followed by the United States, chinaware and Malaysia. Sweden, Britain and Denmark were identified as the countries that have been doing the most to prevent further global warming. Nevertheless, the report indicated that what Sweden, Britain and Denmark are doing are not exuberant to prevent further climate change. IV.\r\nOrganizations diametrical organizations and alliances take part in addressing global warming, like the Kyoto protocol and the WTO . While Saudi Arabia is an active international player, it is not always in agreement with the rest of the group. revivering to the act of non compliance to the communications protocol’s instituted policies, Grosse (2005) stated that â€Å"Saudi Arabia has been among the non-Annex I countries that have been particular to the protocol” (p. 155). â€Å"The issue of subsidies favoring the coal, nuclear renewables sector has been raised by Saudi Arabia in the WTO’s Committee on flip-flop and Environment,” according to Yamin and Depledge (2004, p.\r\n256), in reaction to the WTO policies. The Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol is one doctrine that binds nations that have ratified it to help fight against global warming by reducing their emissions of six greenhouse gases, namely, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, south hexafluoride, HFC’s and PFC’s. It was instituted in Kyoto, Japan on December 1997 and was open up for ratification on Ma rch 16 of the succeeding year. The main goal of the Kyoto Protocol is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 5. 2 percent below the 1990 greenhouse gas emission levels from 2008 to 2012.\r\nCountries that have bound themselves to the protocol must adopt certain policies and strategies in order to meet the specified emission targets. However, the protocol has been subject to a lot of debate because it exempts developing countries, such as China and India as well as Saudi Arabia, from having emissions cuts. The United States refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol because of the exemption of the developing countries. US president George W. Bush also stated that they provide not sign the protocol because it does not bind developing countries and that it would be harmful to the US economy (West, 2008a).\r\nLate in 2004, the government of Saudi Arabia has approved of the Kyoto Protocol, but being a developing country, Saudi Arabia is not bound to adopt any cuts on greenhouse emissions alth ough it is expected that the Saudi Arabian government will make ample financial losses as the developed countries approve the protocol. According to Saudi Oil Minister Ali al-Naimi, the government will have accumulated losses amounting to $19 billion by 2010 because of the policies that the developed nations will adopt in order to reduce their emissions to meet the specified targets (Planet Ark, 2004).\r\nCarbon establish and retentiveness Carbon enamor and computer memory (CCS) is one approach that scientists are look at which could probably help reduce global warming. It has been regarded that CCS will reduce the cost associated with mitigating climate change as well as provide flexibility in attaining greenhouse gas reduction goals. CCS makes use of new technology. It collects and concentrates the carbon dioxide produced in industrial and energy related sources and transports it to a repositing location where it will be unplowed away from the atmosphere.\r\nThis would a llow the use of fossil fuels such as oil with a minimum level of greenhouse emissions (Metz, Davidson, de Coninck, Loos, & Meyer, 2005). geologic shop is one form of CCS. It is done by injecting carbon dioxide in dense form into rock formations underground. porous rock formations have great potential in storing carbon dioxide. much(prenominal) rock formations may include those that previously hold oil and natural gas. This kind of carbon memory is already being used in three industrial sites, namely, the Sleipnir puke in the North Sea, the Weyburn Project in Canada and the In Salah Project based in Nigeria.\r\nMoreover, 30 megatons of carbon dioxide per year is injected for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). This is loosely in Texas and the United States. This system of carbon arrive and storage makes use of around the same technology used for the exploration and production of gas (Metz, et al. , 2005). Geological storage may however be associated with some risks. Leakage from stored carbon dioxide may provide certain risks which are classified as either global risks or topical anaesthetic risks. Global risk is identified as the release of carbon dioxide which will have significant effects on global warming.\r\nOn the other hand, carbon dioxide news leak may also expose humans, ecosystems and groundwater to certain risks. These are the local risks (Metz, et al. , 2005). Annex 1 shows an overview of geological storage. Annex 1: Overview of Geological depot Another type of carbon storage is ocean storage. It is done by injecting buzz offd carbon dioxide at depths of greater than 1,000 m. under the ocean. This would isolate the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for centuries. Consequently, the stored carbon dioxide will bewilder part of the global carbon cycle.\r\nHowever, just like geological storage, ocean storage also has certain risks such that it can cause a great deal of harm. Studies have indicated that animals have been found with reduced rates of calcification, reproduction, growth, circulative oxygen supply and mobility, and even an increased mortality rate. Annex 2 shows minute information on Ocean computer memory (Metz, et al. , 2005). Annex 2: Overview of Ocean Storage mineral carbonation and industrial use is yet another form of carbon capture and storage.\r\nMineral carbonation makes use of converting carbon dioxide into steadfast inorganic carbonates through some form of chemical reaction. Mineral carbonation is actually a natural earthly process called â€Å"weathering” but human intervention needs to drive this process since it is too slow to become a viable carbon storage system. Industrial use involves using carbon dioxide â€Å"directly or as a feedstock for production of various carbon-containing chemicals” (IPCC, __, p. 39). Industrial use makes use of chemical and biological processes wherein carbon dioxide is utilized as a reactant.\r\nThe industrial use of carbon dioxide can help keep carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere by instead diverting it into a â€Å"carbon chemical pool”, but this measure will only when be of great benefit to preventing climate change if there is a significant amount of carbon dioxide taken away from the atmosphere. Refer to Annex 3 for more dilate information (Metz, et al. , 2005). Annex 3: Mineral Carbonation and Industrial Use Saudi Arabia and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) have expressed support with the development of this technology. Norway also present great please with Carbon Capture and Storage technology.\r\nNorwegian Oil and Energy Minister Aaslaug Haga has requested the support of the Saudi Arabian government in the development of CCS to which Saudi Oil Minister Ali al-Naimi responded eagerly. Dagens Naeringsliv quoted al Naimi saying that â€Å"both Saudi Arabia and Norway are concerned about the environment and requirement to reduce emissions with all possible means. carbonic acid gas c apture and storage is an excellent way to reduce emissions” (Acher, 2008, n. p. ). These countries want carbon capture technology included in the Clean Development Mechanism so that industrialised countries can cooperate to help advance this technology (Acher, 2008).\r\nAccording to the European applied science Platform on Zero dismission Fossil Fuel Power Plants, it is the pretermit of funding which impales research on carbon capture which then limits its potential (Kanter, 2008). The index of Saudi Arabia announced that the Saudi Arabian government will shell out 300 million USD for research on climate change, and this includes Carbon Capture and Storage technology. Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates also made an agency that each of them will be large-minded $150 million each tom support the Saudi Arabian strive (OPEC, 2007).\r\nSaudi Arabia shelling out that huge an amount of money for climate change research would indicate that the kingdom is now giving at tention to climate change. The orbit Trade Organization Saudi Arabia is now also a part of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and has recently gestural a bilateral trade agreement with the United States. The trade agreement came at a good time since Saudi Arabian imports have experienced a decline. The WTO has become a sign of respect and acceptance for Saudi Arabia particularly because it is the only GCC country and the largest oil producer (Zahid, 2005).\r\nSaudi Arabia initially did not join GATT, the WTO’s predecessor global trade agreement because oil, its sole export at the time, was not part of GATT (still not part of WTO). Later, as the Kingdom developed its downstream oil and petrochemical capacity, joining WTO became a key imperative in order to protect its exports from inordinate tariffs by mature, high-cost producer countries. (Zahid, 2005) For new aspirants at the WTO, conventionalisms may be harsh such that they will need to sign bilateral agreements with an y member country that requests it, and the terms will have to be increase to other member countries.\r\nAfterwards, a trilateral agreement should be inked with all member countries before being admitted into the WTO (Zahid, 2005). According to Zahid, the WTO had some negative impacts on Saudi Arabia but the WTO may be likened to a medicine. â€Å"It is unnameable to swallow but it eventually makes you amend” (Zahid, 2005, n. p. ). In the short term, the WTO will have Saudi Arabia, but in the long run, the Saudi Arabian economy will prosper because of the WTO such that there will be increased transparency, protection of copyrights, rule of law, and foreign investment.\r\nSaudi Arabia’s exports will also have access to WTO member countries (Zahid, 2005). The full impact of WTO will be a long and unfolding degree for the country. We still need to know the enlarge of the final agreement. WTO has given other countries long implementation periods and many exceptions. Also, we have to correspond what the final Saudi offer is in terms of tariffs, sectors, binding rates, etc. With this report, we pay off a series on what the WTO means for Saudi Arabia. (Zahid, 2005) On one point of view, it is regarded that the WTO can follow through better greenhouse gas reductions compared to the Kyoto Protocol.\r\nPeter Franklin of the Guardian proposes the: Negotiat[ion of] a successor to Kyoto and then let the WTO enforce it. Nations that failed to meet their carbon targets would have a proportionate tariff slapped on their imports. Such a system could even be used to deal with countries that refused to sign up to the new agreement. The WTO would unilaterally impose a target on each non-signatory nation, with their special carbon emissions and consequent penalties being assessed in absentia.\r\nThe export-led economies of China, India and other key Kyoto absentees would be particularly susceptible to such pressure (Franklin, 2006). The Kyoto Protocol has no fangs and this could be filled in by the WTO as those who do not approve of reducing greenhouse targets will have to suffer some consequences from the WTO. This could however be treated as a disrespect to a country’s sovereignty. In the long run, since the WTO would attract more foreign investment, foreign investments will also be encouraged in developing alternative, renewable energy solutions in Saudi Arabia.\r\nConsequently, CCS can thrive from a mercantile point of view as the sensation of climate change would trigger interest in forwarding this technology for economic gains. The WTO system encourages a good government, which in turn will help in framing policies for increased participation in anti-climate change efforts. V. Problems and Solutions The planet’s decline in quality climate condition is partly the doing of the industrial cities in Saudi Arabia, from where carbon dioxide emissions from oil manufacturing and processing come from.\r\nThe investment of Saudi Arabia in finding solutions for the problems posed by global warming is research and resources. Countries like Saudi Arabia allocate funds for studies. It focuses its studies on oil-related aspects of global warming management. It is important for countries to betray studies so that they can get first hand information about global warming and its implications. â€Å"Nations should foster the continued development of these epistemic communities not only to stimulate new avenues of research, but also to help create greater opportunities for consensus building and organize action” (Lee, 1995, p. 14).\r\nIn reducing carbon dioxide emissions coming from oil, there are a variety of methods that could be adopted. One is eliminating subsidies to prevent increase in consumption levels. but saving up on energy use can help exempt greenhouse emissions. Resorting to renewable energy sources provides great potential in dealing with this environmental threat since these renewa ble energy sources produce no amount of emissions whatsoever. For countries like Saud\r\n'